A medium-precision global positioning method that obtains a hyperbolic line of position at all times by comparing the phase of VLF (very low frequency) continuous waves transmitted in a time-division manner. Ideally, a positioning method should be available worldwide, be available at all times, and be highly accurate. It is said that the U.S. Navy, which developed this method, named it after the last letter of the Greek alphabet, Ω, with the hope that it would eventually become a practical navigational aid. It consists of eight transmitting stations, A to H (A-Norway, B-Liberia, C-Hawaii, D-North Dakota, E-Reunion, F-Argentina, G-Australia, H-Japan (Tsushima)), and receivers installed on ships, etc. Each transmitting station transmits three radio waves of the same frequency, but they are transmitted in sequence at a set time, so the stations can be identified. No two stations transmit radio waves of the same frequency at the same time. The receiver temporarily stores the received phase of radio waves from two stations selected to obtain a line of position, or measures the phase difference by comparing the stored phase of one station with the directly received phase from the other station. Since 10.2 kHz is used for phase difference measurement, the lane width on the baseline (the straight line connecting the two stations) is about 8 nautical miles. The lane width is the width from the line where the phase difference is zero to the line where the phase difference is next zero, and is equal to half the wavelength of the comparison signal. This is sufficient if the error in the estimated position is less than 4 nautical miles, but two other transmitted signals are used in cases of low accuracy or as lane identification aids for aircraft. In other words, phase comparison is performed at the difference between 13.6 kHz and 10.2 kHz (3.4 kHz), and the difference between 11.33 kHz and 10.2 kHz (1.13 kHz), allowing lane identification with lane widths of about 24 nautical miles and about 72 nautical miles on the baseline, respectively. An Omega chart and Omega table are required for position determination. It uses a very long wavelength and can travel very far while reflecting off the lower D layer of the ionosphere, so it has a wide range of applications and can be used by surface ships, aircraft, and submarines. However, it is very difficult to correct for changes in propagation speed due to the ionosphere and the distribution of land and sea on the propagation path, and prediction propagation correction tables are published by region, every half month, and every hour. The problem is that even with this correction, it is not always possible to obtain a stable position with sufficient accuracy. [Fumihiko Kawamoto] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
時分割で送信されるVLF(超長波)連続波の位相比較により、双曲線の形で常時位置の線が得られる中精度の全世界的測位方式。測位方式は、その利用範囲が全世界的で、常時使用でき、しかも精度が高いことが理想的である。この方式は、開発にあたったアメリカ海軍が最終的な実用航海援助システムとしての期待を込めて、ギリシア文字の最終字Ωにちなんで命名したといわれる。A局~H局の八つの送信局(A―ノルウェー、B―リベリア、C―ハワイ、D―ノース・ダコタ、E―レユニオン、F―アルゼンチン、G―オーストラリア、H―日本〈対馬(つしま)〉)と、船舶等に積まれた受信機よりなる。送信各局は三つの同じ周波数の電波を送信するが、定められた時間だけ順序に従って送信するので局の識別ができる。同時に2局が同じ周波数の電波を送信することはない。 受信機では、位置の線を得るために選ばれた2局からの電波の受信位相を一時蓄え、あるいは、蓄えた1局の位相と他局からの直接受信位相を比較して位相差を測定する。 位相差測定には10.2キロヘルツが用いられるので、基線(2局間を結ぶ直線)上のレーン幅は約8海里である。レーン幅とは、位相差ゼロの位置の線から、次の位相差ゼロになる隣の位置の線までの幅で、比較電波の半波長に等しい。推測位置の誤差が4海里以下ならばこれで十分であるが、低精度の場合や航空機用のレーン識別補助として他の二つの送信電波が用いられる。すなわち13.6キロヘルツと10.2キロヘルツとの差3.4キロヘルツ、および11.33キロヘルツと10.2キロヘルツとの差1.13キロヘルツで位相比較を行って、基線上それぞれ約24海里および約72海里のレーン幅でレーン識別ができるようになっている。位置決定にはオメガ海図、オメガ表が必要である。 使用波長が超長波で、電離層の下部D層で反射しながら非常に遠くまで伝わるので、利用範囲が広く、水上艦船のほか航空機、潜水艦にも利用できるという特徴をもつ。しかし伝搬経路における電離層、海陸の分布等による伝搬速度の変化に対する補正がたいへんで、地域別、半月ごと、1時間置きの予測伝搬補正表が刊行されている。この補正を行っても安定した十分な精度の位置が得られるとは限らない点に問題がある。 [川本文彦] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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