In the microscopic world of atoms and elementary particles, each physical quantity acts as an operator that acts on the physical state, or quantum state, of the microscopic world. Observable physical quantities that take the form of operators are called observables. Observables were introduced by Dirac when he compiled quantum mechanics into a single theoretical system. When a physical quantity is expressed as a function of position coordinate x and momentum p , the operator of the physical quantity is obtained by replacing the momentum with - i ħ(∂/∂ x ), where i is an imaginary number and ħ is Planck's constant h divided by 2π. For example, the operator of the kinetic energy p 2 /2 m of motion in the x direction is (- h 2 /2m)∂ 2 /∂ x 2 , where m is the mass of the particle. In everyday phenomena, physical quantities can usually take any value within a certain range, but in contrast, the values of physical quantities in quantum states, i.e., their measured values, are limited to the eigenvalues of an operator called an observable. A quantum state whose physical quantity has an eigenvalue is an eigenstate of an observable. Since a general quantum state is a superposition of a finite or infinite number of eigenstates, the average measured value when a physical quantity is measured multiple times is the eigenvalue of each eigenstate averaged over the weights of the superposition of these eigenstates. [Hajime Tanaka] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原子や素粒子などの微視的世界では、個々の物理量が、これらの微視的世界の物理的状態すなわち量子的状態に作用する演算子となっている。演算子の形をとった観測可能な物理量をオブザーバブルという。オブザーバブルは、ディラックが量子力学を一つの理論体系にまとめあげる際に導入したものである。物理量が位置座標xと運動量pの関数として表されている場合、物理量の演算子は、運動量を-iħ(∂/∂x)で置き換えたものになっている。ここでiは虚数、ħはプランク定数hを2πで割ったものである。たとえばx方向の運動の運動エネルギーp2/2mの演算子は(-h2/2m)∂2/∂x2となる。mは粒子の質量である。 日常目にする現象では通常、物理量はある範囲の値を任意にとることができるが、これに反し量子的状態のとる物理量の値、すなわちその測定値は、オブザーバブルという演算子の固有値に限られている。固有値を物理量の値とする量子的状態はオブザーバブルの固有状態になっている。一般の量子的状態は、有限個あるいは無限個の固有状態の重ね合わせになっているため、物理量を多数回測定したときの測定値の平均は、個々の固有状態の固有値を、この固有状態の重ね合わせの重みで平均した値になっている。 [田中 一] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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