Great ape - Ogataru Ijinen (English spelling)

Japanese: 大型類人猿 - おおがたるいじんえん(英語表記)great ape
Great ape - Ogataru Ijinen (English spelling)
They are the animals most closely related to humans, and together with humans they form the Hominidae family. Unlike so-called "monkeys," they do not have tails. Within the Hominidae family, all animals other than the genus Homo are called great apes, and include the genus Orangutan that lives in Asia, and the genus Gorilla and the genus Chimpanzee that live in Africa.

In addition to not having a tail, reptiles have many characteristics not seen in other primates, such as a unique walking style called knuckle walking, in which they ground the backs of their fingers on the ground (orangutans ground their fists on the ground), frequently walking upright and on two legs, a wide range of behaviors, rich personalities and emotions, complex social relationships, and high levels of intelligence.

Orangutans may form pairs with rutting females or mother-child pairs, but males usually act alone, covering the ranges of multiple females. Gorillas are rarely found in groups that include multiple adult males or groups of only males, but the basic social unit is mono-male and poly-female, with one leader male, multiple females, and their children roaming together. Chimpanzees and bonobos (a different species of the same genus as chimpanzees) form poly-male and poly-female unit groups, but the group is divided into several small parties with fluid membership, and they roam while coming together and splitting apart. Gorilla societies are said to be non-matrilineal because mature children of both sexes move from the group where they were born. Chimpanzees and bonobos are patrilineal societies, with only females moving between groups and males staying in the group where they were born for their entire lives. Observations in the wild have revealed many behaviors and abilities that were previously thought to be unique to humans, such as tool making and use, hunting and carnivorous behavior, food begging and sharing, a variety of social adjustment behaviors, cooperation between individuals, use of medicinal plants, infanticide, and intergroup conflict, including murder. Tool use and medicinal plant use are often considered "cultural behaviors" because they are behavioral patterns unique to each region. In addition, it has been revealed that chimpanzees also negotiate for rank within a group, deceive others, and understand the circumstances of others.

On the other hand, linguistic studies in captivity have revealed that chimpanzees and gorillas have the ability to use sign language and can speak more than several hundred words, and that bonobos, although they cannot speak articulated languages, have the ability to hear human languages, know more than 1,000 vocabulary words, and can even understand grammar. Cognitive science studies have proven that chimpanzees have extremely high intelligence, such as understanding numbers, associating symbols with real objects, excellent memory, self-awareness and understanding of others, and reciprocal altruistic behavior. In addition, recent molecular biology has shown that the divergence dates between humans and apes were 16 to 13 million years ago for orangutans, 9.9 to 8 million years ago for gorillas, and 7.7 to 6.3 million years ago for chimpanzees and bonobos. It has also been reported that the base sequence of the amino acids in proteins that make up DNA differs by only 1.23% between chimpanzees and humans. All great apes are designated as endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Threatened Species. Their endangered status is due to active human activities such as deforestation and environmental development. Other factors threatening their survival include poaching for meat, stuffing, pets, and animal experiments, civil wars in their habitats, and zoonotic diseases caused by their proximity to human living spaces. In response to these issues, various conservation activities and policies have been implemented, but it cannot be said that they have been sufficiently effective. → Chimpanzees → Primates [Harakazu Itani]

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Japanese:
ヒトと最も近縁な動物で,ヒトとともにヒト科を形成する。いわゆる「サルmonkey」と違って尻尾がない。ヒト科の中でヒト属以外のものを大型類人猿と称し,アジアにすむオランウータン属とアフリカにすむゴリラ属とチンパンジー属がある。

 尾がないことに加え,指の背側を接地するナックルウォーキング(オランウータンはこぶしを接地するフィストウォーキング)という独特の歩き方をすること,頻繁に直立し二足歩行を行なうこと,多彩な行動,豊かな個性と感情,複雑な社会関係,高度な知性など,ほかの霊長類には見られない多くの特徴をもつ。

 オランウータンは,雄が発情した雌と形成するペアや,母子のペアは認められるが,通常雄は複数の雌の遊動域をカバーしながら単独で行動していることが多い。ゴリラは,ごくまれに複数のおとな雄を含む集団や,雄だけの集団も認められるが,基本的な社会単位は単雄複雌で,1頭のリーダー的存在の雄と複数の雌とその子どもたちが一緒に遊動している。チンパンジーとボノボ(チンパンジーの同属別種)は複雄複雌の単位集団を形成するが,集団内はメンバーシップの流動的ないくつもの小集団partyに分かれ,離合集散しながら遊動している。ゴリラの社会は,成熟した子どもが雌雄ともに自分の生まれた集団から移籍することから非母系社会といわれる。チンパンジーとボノボは雌のみが集団間を移籍し,雄は生まれた集団に一生とどまるため父系社会となっている。野生での観察では,チンパンジーによる道具の製作と使用,狩猟と肉食行動,食物の物乞いと分与,多彩な社会的調整行動,個体間の協調,薬草利用,子殺し,殺戮を含む集団間闘争など,人類にのみ固有と考えられていた行動や能力が数多く認められている。道具使用や薬草利用などは,地域に特有な行動様式を示すことから「文化的行動」としてとらえられることが多い。さらに,集団内での順位をめぐる駆け引き,他者を欺く欺瞞,他者の境遇を理解することなども明らかにされている。

 一方,飼育下の言語学研究ではチンパンジーやゴリラが手話を使う能力を有し,数百語以上も操ることができること,またボノボでは有節言語を話すことはできないまでも人間言語のヒアリング能力があり,1000を超える語彙を知っていて文法まで理解できることが明らかにされている。認知科学研究ではチンパンジーによる数字の理解,シンボルと実物との関連づけ,優れた記憶力,自己認識や他者理解,互恵的利他行動など,きわめて高度な知性をもつことが証明されている。また,近年の分子生物学はヒトと類人猿の分岐年代が,オランウータンで1600万~1300万年前,ゴリラが990万~800万年前,チンパンジーとボノボは770万~630万年前であるという分析結果を示した。さらに,チンパンジーとヒトでは,DNAを構成するタンパク質アミノ酸の塩基配列が1.23%の違いしかないことも報告されている。すべての大型類人猿が国際自然保護連合(IUCN)の種保存委員会が提供する「絶滅のおそれのある生物種のレッドリスト」によって絶滅危惧種に指定されている。彼らが絶滅の危機に瀕しているのは森林伐採や環境開発など,いずれもが活発な人間活動に起因する。また,食肉,剝製,ペット,動物実験などを目的とした密猟,生息地での内戦,人間との生活空間が近づいたことによる人獣共通感染症なども彼らの生存を脅やかす要因となっている。それらに対して,さまざまな保護活動や保全政策が講じられているが,十分な効果を上げているとは言いがたい。 →チンパンジー →霊長類
〔伊谷 原一〕

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