Chitin - Chitin (English spelling)

Japanese: キチン - きちん(英語表記)chitin
Chitin - Chitin (English spelling)

In nature, chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose, consisting of amino sugars (amino derivatives of sugars) polymerized with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine via β-1,4 bonds. It is a white powder that is insoluble in water, has very low reactivity, and is more stable than cellulose. It is hydrolyzed by strong alkali to produce chitosan, a basic polysaccharide with free amino groups, which is further decomposed into glucosamine by concentrated hydrochloric acid. It was first isolated from the elytra of a rhinoceros beetle in 1823 and named after the Greek word chiton, which means "armor." To obtain chitin in large quantities, shrimp or crab shells are soaked in hydrochloric acid to dissolve the calcium carbonate, then boiled with alkali to remove the proteins, and the remaining precipitate is thoroughly washed and dried. Chitin not only forms the hard cuticle and shell skeleton of arthropods, but is also an important component of the cell walls of molds. Chitin is also present in annelids, mollusks, rotifers, and coelenterates, but is completely absent from echinoderms and vertebrates, which belong to the archenteron coelomic trunk. This is interesting from an evolutionary perspective. Chitin is present in surprisingly large quantities on Earth, with animals such as mysids and krill, which are groups of crustaceans, producing hundreds of billions of tons of chitin per year. Chitinase, the enzyme that breaks down chitin, has been found in lower animals such as mold, bacteria, and mollusks.

[Takashi Muramatsu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自然界ではセルロースに次いで多量に分布する多糖で、アミノ糖(糖のアミノ誘導体)からなり、N-アセチル-D-グルコサミンがβ(ベータ)-1・4結合で重合したもの。白色の粉末で水に溶けず、きわめて反応性に乏しく、セルロースよりも安定である。強アルカリによって遊離アミノ基をもつ塩基性多糖キトサンchitosanを生じ、これはさらに濃塩酸によってグルコサミンに分解される。1823年にカブトムシの鞘翅(しょうし)から初めて単離され、「よろい」を意味するギリシア語キトンchitonにちなんで名づけられた。キチンを大量に得るには、エビやカニの殻を塩酸に浸し、炭酸カルシウムを溶出後、アルカリとともに煮沸してタンパク質を取り除き、残った沈殿物をよく洗ってから乾燥すればよい。キチンは節足動物の硬い表皮や殻の骨格を形づくるばかりでなく、カビの細胞壁の重要な構成要素にもなっている。また、環形動物、軟体動物、円形動物、腔腸(こうちょう)動物にも存在するが、原腸体腔幹に属する棘皮(きょくひ)動物や脊椎(せきつい)動物にはまったく存在しない。これは進化論的に興味深いことである。なお、地球上におけるキチンの存在量は驚くほど多く、甲殻類の一群であるアミ類やオキアミ類などの動物だけでも、1年間に数千億トンのキチンを生産している。キチンを分解する酵素キチナーゼは、カビ、細菌、軟体動物などの下等動物にみいだされている。

[村松 喬]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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