Shoin-zukuri

A Japanese style of housing perfected in the early modern period. During the Heian period, shinden-zukuri, which was the style of housing for nobles (kuge), was adopted by samurai families as well with the rise of the samurai class. As time passed, it underwent changes and was perfected as shoin-zukuri from the end of the Muromachi period through the Momoyama period.

The Muromachi Palace, the Hanagosho residence built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in 1378 (Tenju 4/Eiwa 4), was a place where official events were held in the Shinden (room), and it had a double corridor, a central corridor, and a central gate, and the Shogun family followed the traditional style of the residences of the Ministers. A separate meeting hall was also built for entertainment and other social gatherings. Eventually, successive Shogun families began to decorate the inside of the meeting hall, and attached shoin (drawings) and staggered shelves were built in, on which stationery, food baskets, tea utensils, etc. were placed, and oshiita (pressed boards) were attached to display paintings, vases, incense burners, etc. The ornaments displayed in the oshiita (pressed boards), staggered shelves, and attached shoin (drawings) were highly valued Chinese paintings and Chinese goods. Thus, from the time of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, zashiki kazari (decorations in a room) became established. In the Momoyama period, it was also applied to the residences of military commanders, and as the size of buildings in the residences of early modern samurai feudal lords grew, the interior room decorations also developed and became more luxurious, including toko (floor), shelves, shoin (study) and chodai-gamae (table structure). The early room decorations are famous for the attached shoin (study) and chachi-tana (differing shelves) by Dojinsai in the Togudo Hall of Jisho-ji Temple (Ginkaku-ji Temple).

According to the Momoyama period craftsman's manual "Shoumei," the standard layout of a shoin-zukuri feudal lord's residence was divided into a reception area consisting of the Onarimon Gate, hall, Noh stage, palace, shoin, and tea room, and a living area consisting of the Munekado Gate, entrance, Tozamurai, ceremonial stage, reception room, Gyoshin no ma, and shoin. In addition to these, there was a back area for the kitchen, tsubone, and okami-ya, and a long Nagayamon gate surrounded the perimeter of the property. Of these, the hall was also called the main hall, and looking at its floor plan, in front of the upper level parlor and next room there is a wide veranda and a middle gate that is a remnant of the middle gate corridor of the shinden-zukuri style, and on the upper level there is a shoin, otoko, and staggered shelves, and to the side of the upper level there is a storeroom. Buildings with similar floor plans include the guest hall of Kojo-in Temple at Onjo-ji Temple and the guest hall of Kan'gakuin Temple at the same temple. The Ninomaru Palace at Nijo Castle is similar in layout to the residential areas.

The chodai-gama, one of the main room decorations in the Shoin-zukuri style, is called a santo-gama. It was originally a luxurious arrangement for a bedroom in a private home, and was also used as a hiding place for warriors in samurai homes.

Shoin-zukuri style room decorations were also adopted in the guest halls of temples and shrines, and from the mid-Edo period, they spread to guest rooms in farmhouses and townhouses. Tatami rooms also began to have toko in the antechamber as well as the main room, and this style became popular. The layout of the rooms also saw the appearance of kagi-zashiki, where the main room, antechamber, and third room were arranged in a key shape. Sliding doors were also made ornate with ink paintings or gold and silver paintings, and various transoms were placed above the sliding doors to add to the design. Shoin-zukuri passed on toko, shelves, and shoin to later generations as the basic room decorations for Japanese-style homes throughout the Edo period.

[Kudou Yoshiaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

近世初期に完成した和風住宅様式。平安時代に公家(くげ)の住宅様式であった寝殿造が、武家の台頭によって武家住宅にも取り入れられ、時代が進むにつれて変化して、室町時代末から桃山時代にかけて書院造として大成した。

　足利義満(あしかがよしみつ)が1378年（天授4・永和4）に造営した彼の住宅である花御所室町殿は、寝殿が公的な行事を行う場所で、二棟廊(ふたむねろう)、中門廊、中門があって、将軍家も大臣家の伝統的住居の形態を踏襲している。そして遊興など社交的な会合のために会所(かいしょ)が別に設けられた。やがて代々の将軍家では会所内を飾るようになり、付(つけ)書院や違い棚が造り付けられ、そこには文具や食籠(じきろう)、茶具などが置かれ、また、押板(おしいた)がつけられて画幅、花瓶、香炉などが飾られるようになった。押板、違棚、付書院に飾られる置物は唐絵(からえ)、唐物(からもの)が珍重された。こうして、足利義政(よしまさ)のころからは座敷飾りが定着した。そして桃山時代になって武将の邸宅にも応用され、近世武家大名の邸宅では建物の規模が大きくなるとともに、建物内の座敷飾りも床(とこ)、棚、書院、帳台構(ちょうだいがまえ)と発展して豪華になる。初期の座敷飾りとしては慈照寺（銀閣寺）東求堂(とうぐどう)の同仁斎(どうじんさい)の付書院や違い棚が有名である。

　桃山時代の工匠伝書である『匠明(しょうめい)』によれば、書院造の標準的な大名邸宅の建物配置は、御成門(おなりもん)、広間、能舞台、御殿、書院、茶室からなる接客部分と、棟門(むねかど)、玄関、遠侍(とおざむらい)、式台、対面所、御寝間(ぎょしんのま)、書院からなる居住部分に分かれて配置された。このほか台所・局(つぼね)・御上(おかみ)方の奥向きの部分があり、敷地周囲には長大な長屋門が巡っていた。このうち広間は主殿ともよばれ、その平面をみると、上段のある座敷と次の間の前面には広縁と寝殿造の中門廊の名残(なごり)の中門がつき、上段には書院、大床(おおとこ)、違い棚があり、上段脇(わき)に納戸(なんど)が配されている。このような平面に類似する建物には園城寺(おんじょうじ)光浄院客殿、同勧学院客殿がある。居住部分の建物の配置に類似するものには、二条城二の丸御殿がある。

　書院造による主室の座敷飾りの一つである帳台構は納戸構とよばれる。もともと民家の寝室の構えを豪華にしたもので、武家住宅では武者隠しとしても用いられた。

　書院造の座敷飾りは社寺の客殿にも取り入れられ、江戸時代中期からは農家や町家の客室にも及んだ。座敷も主室だけでなく、次の間にも床を設けるようになり、盛んとなる。座敷の配置も主室、次の間、三の間をかぎ形に並べる鍵(かぎ)座敷も出現する。襖(ふすま)にも墨絵あるいは金碧画(きんぺきが)を描いて華麗にし、襖の上には種々の欄間(らんま)を設けて趣向を凝らすようになった。書院造は江戸時代を通じて和風住宅の基本的な座敷飾りとして床、棚、書院を後世に伝えた。

［工藤圭章］

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