Potassium hydroxide - Potassium hydroxide

Japanese: 水酸化カリウム - すいさんかかりうむ(英語表記)potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide - Potassium hydroxide

A hydroxide of potassium. It is also called caustic potash. Caustic means "attacks the skin." In the past, it was produced by the double decomposition of potassium carbonate with calcium hydroxide (causticization method), but today it is produced by electrolyzing an aqueous solution of potassium chloride, similar to the production of sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride. In this case, there is the diaphragm method, in which a graphite anode and an iron cathode are separated by a perforated asbestos membrane, and the mercury method, in which a mercury cathode is used. The purity of the product produced by the mercury method is higher. Commercially available products are usually molded into hemispherical tablets or rods.

It is a colorless, orthorhombic crystal with the same structure as sodium hydroxide, but above 248°C it transitions to a cubic (isometric) crystal system and becomes sodium chloride. It is deliquescent, and if left in the air it absorbs moisture and dissolves, absorbing carbon dioxide and becoming potassium carbonate. It gives off a large amount of heat when it dissolves in water. Its aqueous solution is strongly alkaline. It also dissolves well in alcohols, and the solution is used in various reactions. Potassium hydroxide has chemical properties very similar to those of sodium hydroxide, but is generally more violent. Mono-, di- and tetrahydrates are also known.

It is used in the manufacture of various potassium compounds, potash glass, soft soap, dyes (indigo, etc.), synthetic fiber raw materials (terephthalic acid, etc.), alkaline batteries, analytical reagents, carbon dioxide absorbents, etc. It is a highly toxic substance (allowable concentration 2 milligrams per cubic meter), so care must be taken when handling it, such as storing it in a tightly sealed container, just like sodium hydroxide.

[Torii Yasuo]

[References] | Sodium hydroxide | Electrolytic soda method [Supplementary information] | Potassium hydroxide (Data Note)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カリウムの水酸化物。カ性カリcaustic potashともいう。カ性とは「皮膚を侵す」の意である。古くは炭酸カリウムを水酸化カルシウムで複分解する方法(カ性化法)で製造されたが、今日では塩化ナトリウムから水酸化ナトリウムを製造するのと同様に、塩化カリウム水溶液を電解する方法が用いられる。この場合、黒鉛陽極と鉄陰極をアスベスト製有孔膜で隔離して行う隔膜法と、水銀陰極を用いる水銀法とがある。製品の純度は水銀法のほうが高い。市販品は普通半球形の錠剤または棒状に成形されている。

 無色、斜方晶系の結晶で、水酸化ナトリウムと同型の構造をとるが、248℃以上では立方(等軸)晶系に転移し、塩化ナトリウム型となる。潮解性で、空気中に放置すると湿気を吸って溶け、二酸化炭素を吸収して炭酸カリウムとなる。水に溶けるとき多量の熱を発する。水溶液は強いアルカリ性を示す。アルコール類にもよく溶け、その溶液は各種の反応に用いられる。水酸化カリウムは水酸化ナトリウムとよく似た化学的性質をもつが、一般にそれよりも激しい。一、二および四水和物も知られている。

 各種カリウム化合物、カリガラス、軟せっけん、染料(インジゴなど)、合成繊維原料(テレフタル酸など)などの製造に用いられるほか、アルカリ電池、分析試薬、二酸化炭素吸収剤などに用いられる。劇薬(許容濃度1立方メートル当り2ミリグラム)なので、取扱いには水酸化ナトリウムと同様、密栓して保存するなど注意が必要である。

[鳥居泰男]

[参照項目] | 水酸化ナトリウム | 電解ソーダ法[補完資料] | 水酸化カリウム(データノート)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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