Ritual implements - Saigu

Japanese: 祭具 - さいぐ
Ritual implements - Saigu

Tools, implements, and material elements that make up the symbolism of a ritual used in a ritual. In Buddhism, they are called Buddhist implements, and in Shinto they are sometimes called Shinto implements, but in religions other than Buddhism they are generally referred to as ritual implements.

[Kyoko Nakamura]

function

Rituals are religious actions in which humans come into contact with the sacred, such as divine spirits, and the complex symbolism that gives these actions meaning. All forms of expression, including dance, music, language, drama, painting, sculpture, and architecture, are used in rituals, and each of these carries complex historical, cultural, and religious meanings. Thus, the material elements of ritual implements have a practical purpose, and since ancient times, their materials, structures, and shapes have been strictly regulated and passed down, and they have been given symbolic meaning, playing a role in cultural integration. However, while some ritual implements are the subject of rituals and are worshiped because they are closely related to the sacred, there are also other ritual implements whose religious meaning has been forgotten and have become practical tools.

[Kyoko Nakamura]

kinds

It is globally recognized that since primitive times, rituals have been held outdoors around natural trees, stones, rocks, water sources, mountains, etc., but even in the modern age when permanent religious structures such as temples, shrines, and churches come into existence, the belief that divine spirits visit ritual sites during rituals remains alive. For this reason, evergreen trees, pillars, sticks, and flags are often erected at the site to invite the divine spirits and to serve as their abodes. In hunting cultures, animal bones, especially skulls, are believed to be the dwelling places of divine spirits, and the Ainu people worship bears, while American Indian tribes worship water buffalo. Bows and arrows are also important ritual implements. In agricultural cultures, a wide variety of ritual implements are found, ranging from natural objects such as bundles of rice, millet ears, wheat straw, corn, and fruit, to processed objects such as sacred wands, shavings, hoes, and sickles. Images of gods in human or animal form have become more complex and fixed with the development of the iconography of each religious tradition, but materials such as wood, stone, bone, and metal also have symbolic meanings. As ritual implements for inviting spirits, drums, bells, koto, flutes, bows, and other instruments that produce sound, as well as torches, bonfires, candles, and lamps that produce light, are used all over the world, and incense has been used since ancient times in China and the Middle East. Therefore, musical instruments, candlesticks, and incense burners are important ritual implements in most religions.

Offering sacrifices to the deities that have descended is a widespread practice, and so there are many ritual implements used for such offerings. The high altars or tables on which the offerings are laid are made of stone slabs, bricks, wood, or metal, and are fitted with grooves, holes, and containers to catch the blood that flows when the victim is killed. The chalice that holds the consecrated wine in the Christian mass was originally a vessel that received the blood of Christ. In Japan, fish, shellfish, and vegetables are also used, but traditional offerings are sake and rice cakes, characteristic of our rice-growing culture, and are served in earthenware or vessels shaped like leaves, on high-rise plates or trays. Baskets are sometimes used, and the materials used for the vessels clearly point towards natural objects.

Based on the belief that the deity that has arrived does not remain at the site of the ceremony but travels around, in Japan portable shrines, floats, and yamaboko are used as mobile ritual implements, but in Hindu and Christian festivals, cars carrying statues of deities and saints can be seen. In Buddhist cultural spheres, traveling monks carry Buddha statues, sutra scrolls, Mount Sumeru, and other items in their backpacks, and by traveling, the monks, who are the manifestation of the Three Treasures, fulfill a role of sanctifying and purifying the local community, similar to the mobile ritual implements.

The ritual garments and masks of various religions have the same semantic structure as the animal skins and straw bundles used as costumes in primitive religions to become one with the animal gods or grain spirits during rituals. Also, rosaries (Christianity) and prayer beads (Buddhism) used as ritual implements for prayer also function as memory devices based on the number of beads, and Muslim prayer rugs symbolize the sanctuary of the mosque and, like Jewish shawls, also function as wards off evil. In this way, ritual implements are multifaceted tools and utensils used in rituals that combine practicality and symbolism, the sacred and the secular.

[Kyoko Nakamura]

"Sacrifice" by Marcel Mauss and Henri Hubert, translated by Koseki Toichiro (1983, Hosei University Press)""Hunting Legends" by Chiba Tokuji (1975, Hosei University Press)""Spices" by Yamada Kentaro (1978, Hosei University Press)""Statues of God" by Kageyama Haruki (1975, Hosei University Press)

[Reference item] | Buddhist altar implements

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

祭祀(さいし)において用いられる道具、器具、祭祀のシンボリズムを構成する物質的要素。仏教では仏具とよぶので、神道(しんとう)で神具とよぶこともあるが、一般に、仏教以外の宗教では祭具と呼び習わされている。

[中村恭子]

機能

祭祀は、人間が神霊などの聖なるものに触れる宗教行動と、それを意味づける複雑なシンボリズムである。舞踊、音楽、言語、劇、絵画、彫刻、建築などのあらゆる表現様式が祭祀のために用いられるが、そのおのおのは複雑な歴史的、文化的、宗教的意味を担っている。したがって、その物質的要素である祭具は、実用的目的をもつとともに、古来、その素材、構造、形体などが厳密に規定、伝承され、象徴的に意味づけされて、文化的統合の役割を果たしてきた。しかし、聖なるものと密接にかかわっているので祭祀の対象となり、崇(あが)められる祭具がある一方、宗教的意味づけが忘れられて、実用的道具に化した祭具もある。

[中村恭子]

種類

原初の時代より、自然木、石、岩、水源、山などをめぐり、野外で祭祀が行われてきたことは世界的に認められるが、寺廟(じびょう)、神殿、教会堂などの永続的宗教構築物が存在するに至っても、神霊は祭場に祭祀中来臨するとの信仰が生きている。そこで、神霊を招き、その依代(よりしろ)として祭場に常緑樹、柱、棒、旗などが立てられることが多い。狩猟文化内では、動物の骨、とくに頭蓋骨(ずがいこつ)が神霊の宿るところと信じられ、アイヌはクマ、アメリカ・インディアン部族はスイギュウなどを祭祀の対象とする。また、弓矢も重要な祭具となる。農耕文化内では、稲束、粟穂(あわほ)、麦藁(むぎわら)、トウモロコシ、果実などの自然物から、御幣(ごへい)、削掛(けずりかけ)、鋤(すき)、鎌(かま)などの加工品まで、多種多様の祭具がみられる。神を人間や動物の形に表した画像は各宗教伝統の図像学(イコノグラフィー)の発達に伴い、複雑化、固定化していくが、木、石、骨、金属などの素材そのものも象徴的意味をもつのである。招霊用祭具として、音を発するための太鼓、鐘、鈴、琴、笛、弓など、また、光を発するための松明(たいまつ)、篝火(かがりび)、ろうそく、ランプなどは世界各地で用いられ、香も中国や中近東などで古代より使用されている。したがって、楽器、燭台(しょくだい)、香炉は、ほとんどの宗教の重要な祭具である。

 来臨した神霊に供犠(くぎ)を捧(ささ)げることも広く行われているので、供進用祭具は数多い。供犠を横たえる高壇や机は、石板、れんが、木、金属などでつくられ、犠牲を殺すときに流れる血を受ける溝、穴、容器などが設けられている。キリスト教のミサにおいて聖別されたワインを入れる祭爵(聖杯(カリス))は、元来、キリストの血を受けた器である。わが国では、魚貝類、野菜なども用いられるが、伝統的神供は、稲作文化の特徴である酒と餅(もち)で、土器や木の葉をかたどった器に盛り、高坏(たかつき)、御膳(ごぜん)などにのせて供えられる。籠(かご)が用いられることもあり、器の素材には自然物志向が明らかである。

 来臨した神霊は祭場にとどまらず遊行(ゆぎょう)するとの信仰に基づき、日本では神輿(みこし)、山車(だし)、山鉾(やまぼこ)などが移動用祭具となるが、ヒンドゥー教、キリスト教などの祭りでは、神像、聖者像を乗せた車がみられる。仏教文化圏においては、遊行僧が背負う笈(おい)に仏像、経巻(きょうかん)、須弥山(しゅみせん)などが納められ、三宝の現れである僧は遊行することによって、移動用祭具と似た、地域社会の聖化・浄化の役割を果たしている。

 諸宗教の祭衣や仮面は、未開宗教にみられるような、祭祀中、動物主や穀霊と一体化するための仮装に用いられた獣皮や藁束(わらたば)と同じ意味構造をもつ。また、祈祷(きとう)用祭具としてのロザリオ(キリスト教)や数珠(じゅず)(仏教)などは、珠(たま)の数による記憶装置としての機能を兼ね、イスラム教徒の祈祷用敷物はモスクの聖域を象徴し、ユダヤ教徒の肩掛けと同様に、魔除(まよ)けの機能をももっているのである。このように、祭具は実用性と象徴性、神聖性と世俗性をあわせもつ多面的な、祭祀に用いられる道具や器具である。

[中村恭子]

『マルセル・モース、アンリ・ユベール著、小関藤一郎訳『供犠』(1983・法政大学出版局)』『千葉徳爾著『狩猟伝説』(1975・法政大学出版局)』『山田憲太郎著『香料』(1978・法政大学出版局)』『景山春樹著『神像』(1975・法政大学出版局)』

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