A huge peninsula in the southwest of Southwest Asia, jutting out southeast from Mesopotamia and Syria. It faces the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the southeast, the Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf) and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast, and the Red Sea and its tributary, the Gulf of Aqaba to the southwest. It is about 2,300 km long, 1,200-1,800 km wide, and has an area of about 3 million square kilometers. It is sometimes called Jazīra al-'Arab (Island of the Arabs) by Arabs. Most of the region is occupied by Saudi Arabia, with Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman located along the Persian Gulf and in the southeast, and the Republic of Yemen in the south. The landmass is a remnant of the Gondwana continent, which existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic geological eras and was connected to the African continent, the Australian continent, and the Indian peninsula. The granite and gneiss of Archean times that form the base of the landmass form the strata in the western part of the peninsula. On the other hand, in the eastern part of the peninsula, strata from the Paleozoic era onwards that were deposited during the subsidence of the landmass are piled up horizontally. The reason why the geology differs between the eastern and western parts is that when the Red Sea collapsed in the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic era and the Arabian Peninsula was separated from the African continent, the landmass of the peninsula gently tilted eastward, and the sedimentary layers that were also in the western part were subsequently worn away by erosion. In addition to the tilt of the land mass, the western edge of the peninsula is high due to lava eruptions along the faults, forming the watershed of the peninsula, with the Asir Mountains in the south reaching an elevation of 2,000 meters, and the Yemen Mountains at the southern end reaching an elevation of 3,000 meters. The highest peak is Mount Hadur (3,760 meters) in the Yemen Mountains. The Hadramaut Mountains, which face the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, also exceed 2,000 meters above sea level. On the other hand, the eastern part of the peninsula is a plateau with an elevation of 1,500 to 200 meters that slopes gently eastward, and the Kesta Mountains, with cliffs, run parallel to the transition between the strata. In addition, in the Oman region at the southeastern end, the Ahdar Mountains (highest peak 3,018 meters) lie, which belong to the Alps-Himalayan orogenic belt. The coastal plains are generally narrow, except in the eastern areas such as the Persian Gulf. The coastline is thin, with only the Qatar Peninsula and Bahrain Island providing variation along the Persian Gulf coast. Except for the Yemen Mountains, where precipitation occurs in summer due to the influence of the Indian Ocean monsoons, and the Al-Ahdar Mountains, where precipitation occurs in winter, the annual rainfall is only about 100 mm, and the climate is dry. As a result, the country is covered by large areas of desert, and the Rub' al-Khali Desert in the south, the Nahud Desert in the north, and the Dakhna Desert in the center are famous for being ultra-arid regions on a par with the Sahara. The valleys of wadis (waterless rivers) carved by temporary heavy rains in the dry climate change the landforms of the surface. The population is about 38 million, with a low population density of about 13 people per square kilometer (1994). Most of the inhabitants are Arabs, with a small number of Indians, Pakistanis, Iranians, and East Africans. Islam is the predominant religion, and most of the inhabitants are Sunni. Due to the constraints of the dry climate, agriculture is limited to places where water is available, such as the Yemeni mountain region and desert oases. In the steppes, people lead a nomadic lifestyle with camels, sheep, and other animals. In cities, commercial activities are centered around souks (bazaars), and caravans engaged in long-distance trade can be seen between cities. Residents along the coast are heavily involved in fishing and shipping. The Persian Gulf coastal region is a treasure trove of oil resources, discovered in the 1930s, and the successive discoveries of new oil fields and soaring oil prices in recent years have greatly enriched the economies of oil-producing countries in the region, promoting industrialization and the modernization of cities. [End line] historyAlthough there have been few archaeological surveys in Arabia, the presence of humans from the Paleolithic period has been confirmed. Pottery from the 5th millennium BC has also been unearthed, and temples, cities, and tombs from the 3rd millennium BC have been excavated on the island of Bahrain, revealing that Mesopotamian civilization had a close relationship with eastern Arabia from this period. Several nations rose and fell in southern Arabia from the 1st millennium BC. The Kingdom of Saba was the largest, but the Himyar Kingdom gained power around the time of Christ, and unified southern Arabia in the 4th century. The people of these kingdoms maintained an advanced agricultural society, as symbolized by the ruins of a huge dam in Marib, the capital of the Kingdom of Saba, and have left inscriptions in unique characters to this day. The northern part of the peninsula and the Syrian Desert were the world of nomads who raised camels and merchants who transported goods on camels. They were called Arabs, meaning people of the wilderness. As early as the 8th century BCE, an inscription by an Assyrian king mentioned the Arabs, and there are also descriptions of the Arabs in the Old Testament and Herodotus' Histories. These Arabs from North Arabia advanced into South Arabia from around the 2nd century, gradually making the area into North Arabia. Meanwhile, the people of South Arabia also became nomadic, adopted the culture of North Arabia, and advanced into North Arabia. In the 5th and 6th centuries, both North and South Arabs lived together throughout the peninsula, but each maintained a sense of origin. The religion of the Arabs in both the north and south was polytheistic, worshiping idols, but from around the 3rd century, Judaism and Christianity also began to spread among the Arabs. The last king of the Himyarite Kingdom in southern Arabia was a Jew, but he was defeated by the army of the Christian Ethiopian king, and the kingdom was destroyed in 525. The city of Mecca in the western part of the peninsula was a holy place for polytheists. From the late 6th century to the early 7th century, southern Arabia became the territory of the Sassanid Persian Empire, which had driven out the power of Ethiopia, and the eastern part of the peninsula was also under the political influence of the Sassanid Persian Empire. However, the western part, where Mecca is located, was an area that was not controlled by anyone, and it was there that Islamic power arose. The prophet Muhammad, who preached Islam from around 610, abandoned his hometown of Mecca in 622 and moved to Medina. Muhammad, who was based in Medina, conquered Mecca in 630, and the two cities of Mecca and Medina have remained the two holy cities of Islam to this day. After Muhammad's death, the orthodox caliphs used Medina as their base to gather the Arab people of the peninsula and conquered a vast area. The conquerors of the peninsula settled in various parts of the conquered territories. They spread the language of the peninsula, namely Arabic, throughout the land, and also spread Islam. However, with the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty in 661, the political center of the Islamic world moved away from Arabia. From the Umayyad Caliphate to the Abbasid Caliphate, Arabia was part of a vast Islamic empire. When the Islamic world began to divide politically around the 10th century, the eastern part of Arabia was often under the rule of the dynasty that ruled Iraq, and the western part of Arabia was often under the rule of the dynasty that ruled Egypt. However, the indigenous forces in various parts of Arabia were also strong and often independent, and Islamic minority governments such as the Ibadi and Zaydi sects were sometimes born. In the 18th century, the Wahhabi movement, one of the Islamic reform movements, arose in Arabia, and linked with political movements to form the basis of today's Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In the 19th century, the Ibadi and Zaydi governments were restored, forming the basis of today's Oman and Yemen. In the 20th century, the oil fields in the eastern part of the peninsula were developed, and after World War II, the indigenous forces in the east became independent states one after another. With the Fourth Arab-Israeli War in October 1973 as a turning point, Arabian countries began to control their own oil resources, and with that power as a backdrop, they began to hold the power to move the world. [Akira Goto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
西南アジアの南西部にあって、メソポタミア、シリアから南東方向へ突出する巨大な半島。南東はアラビア海、アデン湾に臨み、北東はペルシア湾(アラビア湾)、オマーン湾によって、南西は紅海とその支湾アカバ湾によって、それぞれ限られる。長さ約2300キロメートル、幅1200~1800キロメートル、面積約300万平方キロメートル。アラブ人によって、ジャジーラル・アラブJazīra al-‘Arab(アラブの島)とよばれることもある。 大半の地域はサウジアラビアによって占められ、ペルシア湾岸から南東部にかけてはクウェート、バーレーン、カタール、アラブ首長国連邦、オマーンの国々が、また南部にはイエメン共和国が、それぞれ存在する。 地質時代の古生代から中生代に、アフリカ大陸、オーストラリア大陸、インド半島ともつながって存在していたゴンドワナ大陸の名残(なごり)の陸塊で、陸塊の基盤をなす始原代の花崗(かこう)岩、片麻(へんま)岩が半島西部の地層を形成する。他方、半島東部には、陸塊の沈降期に堆積(たいせき)した古生代以降の地層が水平に重なっている。東部、西部で地質が異なるのは、新生代第三紀に紅海の部分が陥没してアラビア半島がアフリカ大陸から分離した際、半島の地塊が東に緩やかに傾動したため、西部にもあった堆積層がその後の侵食作用で削り取られた結果である。なお、地塊の傾動に加えて、半島の西縁は断層沿いに溶岩の噴出もあって高度が高く、半島の分水嶺(ぶんすいれい)を形成し、南部のアシール山地で標高2000メートル、南端のイエメン山地で標高3000メートルに達する。最高峰はイエメン山地のハドゥール山(3760メートル)。アデン湾、アラビア海に臨むハドラマウト山地も標高2000メートルを超える。他方、半島東部は、東へ向けて緩やかに傾斜する標高1500~200メートルの高原を呈し、地層の変わり目には崖(がけ)を伴ったケスタ山地が並走する。また、南東端のオマーン地方には、アルプス‐ヒマラヤ造山帯に属するアハダル山脈(最高峰3018メートル)が横たわる。海岸部の平野はペルシア湾岸などの東部を除いては全般に狭小である。海岸線は出入りに乏しく、ペルシア湾岸にカタール半島やバーレーン島が変化を与えているにすぎない。 夏にインド洋の季節風の影響によって降水のあるイエメン山地地方や、冬に降水をみるアハダル山脈地方を除いては、年降水量は100ミリメートル程度にすぎず、気候は乾燥している。そのため広く砂漠に覆われ、サハラ砂漠なみの超乾燥地域をなす南部のルブ・アル・ハーリー砂漠や、北部のナフード砂漠、中部のダハナー砂漠は著名である。乾燥気候下で降る一時的な豪雨によって刻まれるワジ(水無川)の河谷は、地表の地形に変化を与えている。 人口は約3800万で、人口密度は1平方キロメートル当り約13人と少ない(1994)。住民のほとんどはアラブ人であるが、ほかにインド人、パキスタン人、イラン人、東アフリカ系黒人などが若干認められる。宗教はイスラム教が支配的であり、ほとんどがスンニー派に属する。 乾燥気候によって制約されるため、農業が営まれるのはイエメン山地地方や砂漠のオアシスなど水の得られる所に限られる。ステップではラクダ、ヒツジなどを伴った遊牧生活が営まれている。都市ではスーク(バザール)を中心に商活動が行われ、都市間には長距離交易に従事する隊商の活動もみられる。海岸部の住民は漁業や海運とのかかわりが大きい。ペルシア湾沿岸地域は1930年代の発見による石油資源の宝庫であり、近年の新油田の相次ぐ発見と石油価格の高騰は、この地域の産油国経済を大いに潤し、工業化、都市の近代化も促進されてきた。 [末尾至行] 歴史アラビアでの考古学的調査は少ないが、旧石器時代からの人類の存在は確認されている。紀元前五千年紀の土器も出土し、前三千年紀の神殿、都市、墳墓がバーレーン島で発掘調査されており、この時代からメソポタミア文明とアラビアの東部とは密接な関係があったことが判明した。南アラビアでは前一千年紀からいくつかの国家が興亡した。サバ王国が最大の国家であったが、紀元前後のころからヒムヤル王国が強勢となり、4世紀には南アラビアを統一した。これらの王国の民は、サバ王国の首邑(しゅゆう)マーリブにある巨大なダムの遺跡に象徴されるように、高度な農業社会を維持し、独特な文字による碑文を今日に残している。半島の北部とシリア砂漠は、ラクダを飼育する遊牧民と、ラクダで荷を運ぶ商人の世界であった。彼らは荒野の民の意味でアラブとよばれていた。古くは前8世紀のアッシリア王の碑文がアラブに言及し、『旧約聖書』やヘロドトスの『歴史』にもアラブに関する記述がある。彼ら北アラビアのアラブは2世紀ごろから南アラビアに進出し、しだいにこの地を北アラブ化していった。一方、南アラビアの民も遊牧民化して北アラブの文化を受け入れ、北アラビアに進出した。5~6世紀には北アラブも南アラブも半島全域で混住したが、それぞれの出自意識をもっていた。 アラブの宗教は南北ともに偶像を祀(まつ)る多神教であったが、3世紀ごろからユダヤ教やキリスト教もアラブの間に浸透していった。南アラビアのヒムヤル王国の最後の王はユダヤ教徒であったが、キリスト教徒であるエチオピア王の軍に敗れ、525年王国は滅んだ。半島の西部にある町メッカは多神教徒の聖地であった。6世紀後半から7世紀初頭にかけて、南アラビアはエチオピアの勢力を追ったササン朝ペルシアの領土となり、半島の東部一帯もササン朝ペルシアの政治的影響下に置かれていた。しかし、メッカがある西部はどこにも支配されない地域で、そこにイスラムの勢力が勃興(ぼっこう)した。610年ごろからイスラムを説いた預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)は、622年に生まれ故郷メッカを捨て、メディナに移った。メディナに拠(よ)ったムハンマドは、630年メッカを征服し、以後メッカ、メディナの2都市はイスラムの2聖都となり今日に至っている。ムハンマド没後、正統カリフは、メディナを本拠地にして半島のアラブを集め、広大な地域を征服した。征服者となった半島の住民は征服地の各地に定着した。彼らが半島の住民の言語、すなわちアラビア語を各地に広め、またイスラム教を広めた。しかし、661年のウマイヤ朝の成立とともに、イスラム世界の政治的中心はアラビアを離れた。 ウマイヤ朝からアッバース朝にかけて、アラビアは広大なイスラム帝国の一部であった。10世紀ごろからイスラム世界が政治的に分裂すると、アラビアの東部はイラクを支配する王朝の統治下に、西部はエジプトを支配する王朝の統治下に入ることが多かった。しかし、アラビアの各地の土着の勢力も強く、しばしば自立し、イバード派やザイド派などのイスラム教の少数派の政権もときには誕生した。18世紀にアラビアにイスラム改革運動の一つであるワッハーブ派の運動がおこり、政治的運動と結び付き今日のサウジアラビア王国の基をつくった。また19世紀にイバード派とザイド派の政権が復興して、今日のオマーンとイエメンの基となった。20世紀に入ると半島の東部の油田が開発され、第二次世界大戦後、東部の土着勢力は次々と独立国家となった。1973年10月の第四次中東戦争を契機に、アラビアの諸国は石油資源を自らコントロールし始め、その力を背景にして世界を動かす力を保持するようになった。 [後藤 明] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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