Stock market - Kabushikishijo (English spelling) stock market

Japanese: 株式市場 - かぶしきしじょう(英語表記)stock market
Stock market - Kabushikishijo (English spelling) stock market

A market where stocks are issued and circulated. Along with the bond market, it is one of the main components of the securities market. In terms of function, both the stock market and the bond market can be classified into an issuance market and a secondary market. The issuance market for stocks is a place where corporations issue stocks to raise long-term funds, and generally refers to the process by which stocks are acquired by the first investor through the intermediation of a securities company. In contrast, the secondary market for stocks provides a place (function) where issued securities are circulated among investors.

The issuance of stocks is an important means of external fund raising for companies, and the monetary capital raised is incorporated into the economic activities of the company, repeating a perpetual circulation of capital. Meanwhile, the issued stocks circulate among investors as fictitious capital. The stock market is a place that connects the needs of economic entities involved in the issuance and distribution of these stocks, and fulfills the function of supporting the foundation of capitalism.

The primary market and secondary market are often likened to the two wheels of a car. In terms of time, stocks flow from the primary market to the secondary market, so if stocks are not issued first, they cannot be circulated. However, in order for stocks to be issued, the existence of a well-established secondary market is a prerequisite, and without a secondary market, stock issuance is difficult. In stock transactions, stocks flow from sellers to buyers, and the payment flows from buyers to sellers. Therefore, companies can obtain funds by issuing stocks, but the funds transferred through stock transactions in the secondary market do not lead to the company's fundraising. However, if the distribution of stocks is not smooth, there is no guarantee that buyers will be able to convert them into cash in the future, and there will be no one to purchase stocks. This means that the more active the secondary market is, the easier it is for companies to raise funds by issuing stocks. In this way, the primary and secondary markets are interdependent, and balanced development is desirable.

The primary market does not have a specific permanent market, and securities companies act as intermediaries between companies and investors according to the capital needs of companies, but the secondary market is diverse. Specifically, the secondary market is made up of exchange markets set up by stock exchanges (financial instruments exchanges), PTS (Proprietary Trading Systems), off-exchange trading of listed stocks, etc.

Previously, listed stock transactions were subject to market concentration obligations, and in principle, trading was only permitted on exchanges. However, with the progress of the Japanese version of the Financial Big Bang, market concentration obligations were abolished, and competition between various trading markets is now being promoted. However, the reality is that in terms of market size, exchange markets (especially the Tokyo Stock Exchange) are overwhelmingly larger.

[Gen Takahashi August 21, 2018]

"Modern Financial Capital and the Stock Market" by Yasuhiko Hattori (1993, Horitsu Bunkasha)""Understanding the Structure of Stocks" by Hiroshi Shimada (2000, Japan Management Association Management)""The Structure of Stocks" by Jun Terao (2000, Natsumesha)"Introduction to the Stock Market" by Reuters Limited, translated by Hideo Kojima and Masaji Ogawa (2000, Keizai Horei Kenkyukai)"

[Reference] | Stocks | Corporations | Securities companies | Securities market | Stock exchanges | Over-the-counter trading | Japan's version of the Financial Big Bang

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

株式が発行され、流通する市場。債券市場と並んで証券市場の主要な構成要素である。株式市場も債券市場もともに、機能という観点からは、発行市場と流通市場とに分類される。このうち株式の発行市場は、株式会社が株式を発行して長期資金の調達を行う場であり、一般には証券会社の仲介によって、株式が最初の投資家に保有されるまでの過程をさす。これに対して、株式の流通市場は、発行された証券が投資家の間で転々と流通する場(機能)を提供している。

 株式の発行は、企業にとって重要な外部資金調達手段であり、そこで調達された貨幣資本は、企業の経済活動のなかに取り込まれ、永続的な資本の循環運動を繰り返す。一方、発行された株式は、擬制資本として投資家の間を転々と流通していく。株式市場は、これら株式の発行と流通にかかわる経済主体のニーズを結合する場であり、資本主義の根幹を支える機能を発揮している。

 発行市場と流通市場とは、しばしば車の両輪にたとえられる。時間発生的には、発行市場から流通市場へと流れることから、まず株式が発行されなければ、それが流通することはできない。けれども、株式が発行されるためには、整備された流通市場の存在が前提となり、流通市場がなければ株式発行はむずかしい。株式取引においては、株式が売り手から買い手に流れ、その代金が買い手から売り手に流れる。したがって、企業は株式を発行すれば資金を得ることができるが、流通市場で株式取引により移動した資金は企業の資金調達につながるわけではない。しかし、もし株式の流通が円滑に行われないならば、買い手の将来における換金性が保証されないことになり、株式の購入希望者はいなくなるであろう。このことは、流通市場が活況であるほど、企業の株式発行による資金調達が容易になることを意味する。このように、発行・流通市場は相互依存関係にあり、バランスのとれた発展が望まれるのである。

 発行市場は、特定の常設市場が存在しているわけではなく、企業の資金需要に応じて証券会社が投資家との間を仲介するが、流通市場のほうは多様である。具体的には、証券取引所(金融商品取引所)が開設する取引所市場、PTS(私設取引システム)、上場銘柄の取引所外取引などが株式流通市場を構成している。

 従来、上場株式の取引は市場集中義務が定められており、原則として取引所での売買しか認められていなかった。しかし、日本版金融ビッグバンの進捗(しんちょく)に伴い市場集中義務は廃止され、現在では多様な取引市場間での競争関係が促進されるようになった。ただ、市場規模としては取引所市場(とくに東京証券取引所)が圧倒的に大きいのが実情である。

[高橋 元 2018年8月21日]

『服部泰彦著『現代の金融資本と株式市場』(1993・法律文化社)』『嶋田浩至著『よくわかる株式のしくみ』(2000・日本能率協会マネジメント)』『寺尾淳著『株のしくみ』(2000・ナツメ社)』『ロイター・リミテッド著、小島秀雄・小川真路訳『株式市場入門』(2000・経済法令研究会)』

[参照項目] | 株式 | 株式会社 | 証券会社 | 証券市場 | 証券取引所 | 店頭取引 | 日本版金融ビッグバン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Joint stock capital

>>:  Limited Partnership Company - Kabushiki Goushigaisha

Recommend

Edition - Edition

〘Noun〙 = radical (print rank) ※Iroha Jiruisho (117...

quasi-stellar object

…They are also called quasars, quasars, and QSOs ...

Market trade - Market trade

A transaction that allows customers who gather at ...

Urban climate - Toshikikou (English spelling)

A climate unique to cities. In urban areas, the i...

Marital property regime

This refers to the legal system regarding propert...

Ithakē (English spelling)

Ithaca is an island located at the mouth of the G...

Association colloid - Kaigo colloid

This refers to molecules that have aggregated to ...

Evers, HD

…In contrast, reciprocity between opposing dichot...

Science Council of Japan

It is the representative organization for Japanes...

Ryoshi - Ryoshi

The innate rational knowledge that is innate in th...

gemeente

...After World War II, the tendency towards the f...

Selection - Eriho

...Improvements have been made to all aspects of ...

The Book of Habakkuk

One of the twelve minor prophets in the Old Testa...

Chiaramonti Museum

...(1) Pio-Clementino Museum: A large collection ...

Gohira [town] - Aira

A former town in Kimotsuki District, southeastern ...