Anti-Ballistic Missile is a system that combines ground-based radar with nuclear-tipped interceptor missiles to destroy incoming enemy ballistic missiles. The SALT-I (First Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) ABM Treaty was concluded in May 1972, which limited the deployment of ABM systems in both countries to two regions (their capitals and one ICBM [intercontinental ballistic missile] base) and allowed the deployment of up to 100 ABMs. The ABM Protocol of July 1974 further limited the deployment to one location. In the United States, two types of nuclear-tipped interceptor missiles, Spartan and Sprint, were developed under the name of the Safeguard Program. However, with the development of MIRV (multiple independently guided rebar) (MIRV) technology for missile warheads, ABMs became less effective, and their operation was suspended in the United States by a Congressional decision in October 1975. The Soviet Union also deployed only 64 Galosh missiles around Moscow. In 1983, U.S. President Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) as a plan to surpass the ABM system. This plan was not realized, but it was succeeded by the GPALS (Global Protection Against Limited Strikes) of the G.H.W. Bush administration, the Theater Missile Defense (TMD) and National Missile Defense (NMD) of the Clinton administration, and the Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD, also simply called Missile Defense) of the G.W. Bush administration. In December 2001, the United States claimed that the security environment had changed and requested the abolition of the treaty, but Russia did not agree, so it announced its withdrawal, and officially withdrew the following June. [Hattori Manabu] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
弾道弾迎撃ミサイルのことで、Anti-Ballistic Missileの略。地上に設置したレーダーと、核弾頭付きの迎撃ミサイルを組み合わせて、飛んでくる敵の弾道ミサイルを破壊するシステム。かつての米ソ両国はSALT(ソルト)-Ⅰ(第一次戦略兵器制限交渉)で結ばれた1972年5月のABM制限条約で、両国のABMシステムの配備を2地域(首府とICBM〔大陸間弾道ミサイル〕基地1か所)に制限し、ABMを100基まで配備できることとした。さらに1974年7月のABM議定書で、1か所に制限した。アメリカでは、セーフガード計画の名で、スパルタンおよびスプリントの2種類の核弾頭付き迎撃ミサイルが開発された。しかしミサイルの弾頭のMIRV(マーブ)(個別誘導複数目標弾)化技術の発達によって、ABMは事実上有効性が小さくなり、アメリカでは1975年10月の議会の決定でその運用が停止された。ソ連もモスクワ周辺にガロシュ・ミサイルを64基配備しただけである。1983年にアメリカの大統領レーガンはABMシステムを上回る構想として、戦略防衛構想(SDI=Strategic Defense Initiative)を発表した。この構想は実現しなかったが、G・H・W・ブッシュ政権のGPALS(Global Protection Against Limited Strikes=限定的弾道ミサイルに対するグローバル防衛)、クリントン政権の戦域ミサイル防衛(TMD=Theater Missile Defense)と国家ミサイル防衛(NMD=National Missile Defense)、G・W・ブッシュ政権の弾道ミサイル防衛(BMD=Ballistic Missile Defense。単にMD=Missile Defenseともいう)に受け継がれた。なおアメリカは2001年12月、安全保障環境の変化を主張し同条約を廃棄することを求めたが、ロシアが同意しなかったため脱退を表明、翌年6月正式に脱退した。 [服部 学] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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