Suppuration - Possible

Japanese: 化膿 - かのう
Suppuration - Possible

This refers to suppurative inflammation, a type of inflammation. In the case of inflammation, the phenomenon in which the liquid or cellular components of blood move out of blood vessels is called exudation, and inflammation with prominent exudation is called exudative inflammation. Depending on the nature and type of exudate, it is classified into serous inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, suppurative inflammation, hemorrhagic inflammation, gangrenous inflammation, etc. Suppurative inflammation is characterized by prominent exudation of neutrophils, a type of granulocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm, among the white blood cells that are the cellular components of blood.

The most common method for testing the cellular components contained in blood, i.e. the types of blood cells, is to smear a small amount of blood taken from an earlobe or fingertip onto a glass slide, stain it with Giemsa solution, and examine it under a microscope. White blood cells with granules that are difficult to stain with either the acid red pigment eosin or the basic blue pigment methylene blue in Giemsa solution are called neutral leukocytes, or neutrophils. Neutrophils have a club-shaped or several segmented or lobed nuclei, and are classified into rod-shaped cells and segmented cells (lobulated cells). Neutrophils have prominent functions of migration, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity, and play an important role in inflammatory responses and infection defense.

The phenomenon of exudation during inflammation refers to an increase in the blood permeability of the local blood vessels. As blood flow increases and slows, white blood cells begin to flow around the edges of blood vessels, attach to the endothelium, and by amoeba movement, migrate out of the blood vessels through the gaps between endothelial cells. The migrated white blood cells migrate toward inflammation-causing factors such as bacteria (this phenomenon is called chemotaxis). Meanwhile, bacteria adhere to the cell membrane of the migrating white blood cells and are taken up into the white blood cells, especially neutrophils, i.e., phagocytosis, and the phagocytized bacteria are killed and digested. Complement, serum proteins, etc. are involved in the chemotaxis of neutrophils and are called chemotaxis factors.

The phenomenon of white blood cells extravasating or migrating outside the blood vessels is also called infiltration. In suppurative inflammation caused by infection with staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, gonococcus, Escherichia coli, etc., the infiltration of neutrophils is characteristic, and the exudate is called pus.

Suppurative inflammation is classified into cellulitis and abscess depending on the infiltration of neutrophils. In other words, when the focus of suppurative inflammation spreads diffusely within an organ or tissue, it is called cellulitis, and when it is localized and filled with pus at the center, it is called an abscess. When suppurative inflammation occurs on the inner surface of a cavity such as the paranasal sinuses and pus is present within the cavity, it is called chronic sinusitis. Cellulitis can occur on the skin (erysipelas), as well as in the appendix, gallbladder, and muscles, while abscesses occur in the lungs, liver, brain, and kidneys. In the case of infection caused by suppurating bacteria, the number of white blood cells in the blood increases, and this is called leukocytosis. On the other hand, agranulocytosis, a disease in which neutrophils are severely reduced, often leads to severe infections.

[Yutaka Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

炎症の一種である化膿性炎のことをいう。炎症の場合、血管から血液の液体成分あるいは細胞成分が血管外へ移動する現象を滲出(しんしゅつ)といい、滲出現象が著明な炎症を滲出性炎症とよび、滲出物の性状や種類によって、漿液(しょうえき)性炎、線維素性炎、化膿性炎、出血性炎、壊疽(えそ)性炎などに分類されている。化膿性炎は、血液の細胞成分である白血球のうち、細胞質に顆粒(かりゅう)を有している顆粒球の一種である好中球の滲出が著明であることを特徴としている。

 血液に含まれている細胞成分、つまり血球の種類を検査するもっとも普遍的な方法は、耳たぶ、あるいは指先から採取した僅量(きんりょう)の血液をスライドグラスに塗抹(とまつ)し、ギムザGiemsa液で染色、鏡検する方法である。このギムザ液の酸性赤色色素エオジンにも、塩基性青色色素メチレンブルーにも染まりにくい顆粒をもつ白血球を中性好性白血球、すなわち好中球という。好中球は棍棒(こんぼう)状、あるいはそれが数個に分節、分葉した核をもっており、桿状(かんじょう)球と分核球(分葉球)とに分類される。好中球は遊走、貪食(どんしょく)、殺菌の機能が著明であり、炎症性反応および感染防御に重要な役割を果たしている。

 炎症の際の滲出現象とは、その局所の血管において、血液を透過させる性質が高まることであり、白血球は、血流の増加、緩徐につれて血管の辺縁を流れるようになり、血管内皮に付着し、アメーバ運動によって、血管内皮細胞間のすきまから血管外に遊出する。遊出した白血球は、細菌などの炎症起因因子に向かって遊走していく(この現象を走化性とよぶ)。一方、細菌は、遊走してきた白血球の細胞膜に接着し、白血球内、とくに好中球内に取り込まれ、すなわち貪食され、さらに貪食された細菌は殺され、消化される。なお、好中球の走化性には、補体、血清タンパクなどが関係し、遊走因子とよばれている。

 白血球が血管外に遊出、遊走する現象は浸潤ともよばれており、ブドウ球菌、連鎖球菌、肺炎球菌、淋(りん)菌、大腸菌などの感染による化膿性炎では、好中球の浸潤を特徴とし、滲出液を膿という。

 化膿性炎は好中球の浸潤状態により、蜂巣(ほうそう)織炎と膿瘍(のうよう)に分類される。つまり、化膿性炎の病巣が臓器、組織内にびまん性に広がっているものを蜂巣織(蜂窩(ほうか)織)炎といい、限局して中心に膿を充満しているものを膿瘍とよぶ。また副鼻腔(びくう)などの腔の内面に化膿性炎がおこり、膿が腔内に存する場合を蓄膿症という。蜂巣織炎は皮膚におこる(丹毒)ほか、虫垂(ちゅうすい)、胆嚢(たんのう)、筋肉などにみられ、膿瘍は肺、肝、脳、腎(じん)などにおこる。化膿をおこす細菌による感染症の場合、血液中の白血球数は増加し、白血球増多症とよばれる。反対に好中球が高度に減少する無顆粒球症という疾患では、しばしば重篤な感染症をおこしやすい。

[渡辺 裕]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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