A linear combination of atomic orbitals in the ground state of an atom. For example, the electron configuration of a carbon atom is (2s) 2 (2p) 2 , and since each orbital is not equivalent, the tetrahedral structure of methane cannot be explained. Therefore, the orbitals of each valence electron are linearly stacked, such as s + p + p + p, and redistributed into four equivalent orbitals. This is called an sp 3 hybrid orbital. Other hybrid orbitals include linear sp hybridization, triangular planar sp 2 hybridization, and octahedral sp 3 d 2 hybridization. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
原子の基底状態の原子軌道を線形結合して表わしたもの。たとえば,炭素原子の電子配置は (2s)2(2p)2 であり,各軌道は同等でないからメタンの正四面体構造を説明できない。そこで各原子価電子の軌道を s+p+p+p のように線形に重ね合せて4個の同等な軌道に再配分する。これが sp3 混成軌道である。混成軌道にはこのほか方向が直線状の sp 混成,三角形平面状の sp2 混成,八面体状の sp3d2 混成などがある。
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