Cunningham, Merce

Japanese: カニンガム（英語表記）Cunningham, Merce
Cunningham, Merce
Born April 16, 1919 in Centralia, Washington
[Died] July 26, 2009. New York, New York. Modern dancer and choreographer. Studied dance at Bennington College and joined Martha Graham's dance company in 1939. Danced as a soloist in works such as Every Heart is a Circus, Appalachian Spring, and Letter to the World. In 1943, she began presenting her own works as a choreographer, left the Martha Graham Dance Company in 1945, and founded her own dance company in 1952. Using the music of her friend, avant-garde composer John Cage, and working with up-and-coming artists of the time such as Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Frank P. Stella, and Jasper Johns, she produced sensational and avant-garde works such as Summer Space (1958), Winter Branch (1964), Scramble (1967), and Rain Forest (1968). In 1989, he employed the 23-year-old Russian artist S. Bugaev in his production of "August Pace," which was described as "the glasnost of American dance." Other works include "Blue Studio: Five Segments" (1976), "Locale" (1979), and "Quartets" (1983).

Cunningham
Cunningham, William

Born: December 29, 1849, Edinburgh
Died June 10, 1919. British economic historian from Cambridge, a member of the British Historical School. Educated at both Edinburgh and Cambridge, he lectured at Cambridge from 1878, and was a professor of statistics at King's College, London from 1891 to 1897, later becoming a member of the British Academy. He aimed to write economic history that was based on the tradition of classical economics but also incorporated the ideas of the Historical School, and debated with A. Marshall, an orthodox scholar of the time, over methodology. He was also active in the religious world as Archdeacon of the Church of England at Ely from 1907 onwards. His main works include Growth of English Industry and Commerce (1882), The Rise and Decline the Free Trade Movement (1904), and Progress of Capitalism in England (16).

Cunningham
Cunningham, Sir Alexander

Born: January 23, 1814, London
[Died] November 28, 1893, London. British soldier and Indian archaeologist. Second son of poet Alan. In 1833, he went to India as an engineer officer and engaged in archaeological research while serving in the military. In 1861, he retired as a major general and became an archaeological surveyor, and was instrumental in the establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India (1862). After returning to Japan for several years, he went back to India in 1870 as the Director General of the Archaeological Survey, and worked hard on the investigation and preservation of ruins until his retirement in 1885 and return to India. He also achieved success in the study of epigraphy, ancient coins, and ancient geography.

Cunningham
Cunninghame

The former name of a district in southwest Scotland, UK. Today it is called North Ayrshire. It is made up of parts of the former counties of Ayrshire and Buteshire. It was established in 1975 as a district within the county of Strathclyde in a local government reorganisation. When the county was abolished in 1996, it became North Ayrshire, a unitary local authority (council area) that took over the same area.

Cunningham
Cunningham, William

[Born] 1805
[Died] 1861
Scottish theologian. He preached Calvinist theology. In 1843, together with T. Chalmers, he founded the Free Church of Scotland. In the same year, he became professor of theology at New College, Edinburgh, and later became its president.

Cunningham
Cunningham, Allan

Born: December 7, 1784.
[died] October 30, 1842, London. British poet. Wrote works imitating old Scottish ballads. Edited the poems of R. Burns.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1919.4.16. ワシントン，セントラリア
[没]2009.7.26. ニューヨーク，ニューヨーク
アメリカ合衆国のモダン・ダンサー，振付家。ベニントン・カレッジで舞踊を学び，1939年マーサ・グラハムの舞踊団に参加。『すべての心はサーカス』『アパラチアの春』『世界への手紙』などでソリストとして踊る。1943年振付家として自身の作品を発表し始め，1945年マーサ・グラハム舞踊団を脱退，1952年みずからの舞踊団を創設。盟友の前衛作曲家ジョン・ケージらの音楽を用い，さらにロバート・ラウシェンバーグ，アンディ・ウォーホル，フランク・P.ステラ，ジャスパー・ジョーンズら当時の新進美術家と組んで，『夏の空間』（1958），『ウィンターブランチ』（1964），『スクランブル』（1967），『雨の森』（1968）などセンセーショナルで前衛的な作品を発表。1989年には『オーガスト・ペイス』でロシアの 23歳の美術家 S.ブガエフを起用し「アメリカン・ダンスのグラスノスチ」と評された。そのほかの作品に，"Blue Studio: Five Segments"（1976），"Locale"（1979），"Quartets"（1983）など。

カニンガム
Cunningham， William

[生]1849.12.29. エディンバラ
[没]1919.6.10. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの経済史家，イギリス歴史学派の一人。エディンバラ，ケンブリッジ両大学に学び，1878年以降ケンブリッジ大学で経済史を講じ，91～97年ロンドンのキングズ・カレッジの統計学教授，のちにイギリス学士院の会員。古典派経済学の伝統に立脚しつつ歴史学派の主張をも取込んだ経済史を志向し，方法論をめぐって当時の正統派 A.マーシャルと論争した。 1907年以降イーリーのイギリス国教会大執事として宗教界でも活躍。主著『イギリス商工業の発達』 Growth of English Industry and Commerce (1882) ，『自由貿易運動の興亡』 The Rise and Decline the Free Trade Movement (1904) ，『イギリスにおける資本主義の進歩』 Progress of Capitalism in England (16) 。

カニンガム
Cunningham， Sir Alexander

[生]1814.1.23. ロンドン
[没]1893.11.28. ロンドン
イギリスの軍人，インド考古学者。詩人アランの次男。 1833年工兵将校としてインドに渡り，軍務のかたわら考古学研究に従事。 61年陸軍少将で退役して考古調査官となり，インド考古調査局の発足 (1862) に尽力。数年間の帰国ののち，70年考古調査局長官として再びインドに渡り，85年退官，帰国するまで遺跡の調査と保存に活躍。碑文，古銭，古代地理の研究でも業績を上げた。

カニンガム
Cunninghame

イギリス，スコットランド南西部の旧地区名。今日のノースエアシャー。旧エアシャー県と旧ビュートシャー県の一部からなる。1975年の自治体再編でストラスクライド県に属する一地区として新設。1996年同県の廃止に伴い，同一区域を引き継ぐ単一自治体（カウンシルエリア council area）のノースエアシャーとなった。

カニンガム
Cunningham， William

[生]1805
[没]1861
スコットランドの神学者。カルバン主義神学を説く。 T.チャーマズに協力して 1843年スコットランド自由教会を創設。同年，エディンバラのニュー・カレッジの神学教授となり，のちにその学長となった。

カニンガム
Cunningham， Allan

[生]1784.12.7.
[没]1842.10.30. ロンドン
イギリスの詩人。スコットランドの古いバラッドを模倣した作品を書いた。 R.バーンズの詩の編者。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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