Steel materials that have become martensite by rapid cooling (quenching) from high temperatures are very hard, but brittle, so they are reheated to a temperature of 150 to 650°C to improve toughness before use. This reheating heat treatment is called tempering, and the optimum tempering temperature is specified depending on the purpose of use. The higher the tempering temperature, the better the toughness, so steel used for springs, etc. is tempered at a slightly higher temperature. However, tempering can actually cause embrittlement (temper brittleness), so care must be taken. In particular, when steel containing impurities such as phosphorus and antimony is tempered at about 500°C, the impurity atoms segregate at the crystal grain boundaries, making fracture along the grain boundaries more likely to occur. In addition, high-speed steel and maraging steel that contain a large amount of alloying elements become harder when tempered than when they are in the as-quenched state because special compounds and carbides are finely precipitated by tempering. This phenomenon is called secondary hardening. [Taiji Nishizawa] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
高温からの急冷(焼入れ)によってマルテンサイト組織となった鉄鋼材料は、きわめて硬いが、しかしもろいので、150~650℃の温度に再加熱して、靭(じん)性を向上させてから使用に供される。この再加熱する熱処理のことを焼戻しといい、使用目的に応じて最適の焼戻し温度が規定されている。焼戻し温度が高いほど靭性がよくなるから、バネなどに使用する鋼はやや高い温度で焼き戻す。ただし、焼戻しによってむしろ脆化(ぜいか)(焼戻し脆性)がおこることがあるから注意を要する。とくに、リンやアンチモンなどの不純物を含んでいる鋼を約500℃で焼き戻すと、これら不純物原子が結晶粒界に偏析して、粒界に沿った破壊がおこりやすくなる。なお、多量の合金元素を含んだ高速度鋼やマルエージ鋼は、焼戻しによって特殊な化合物や炭化物が微細に析出するために、焼き入れたままの状態よりも焼き戻したほうが硬くなる。この現象を二次硬化という。 [西沢泰二] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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