San Marino (English spelling)

Japanese: サンマリノ（英語表記）San Marino

Official name: Republic of San Marino.
Area: 61.2 ^km2 .
Population: 32,000 (2011 estimate).
The capital is San Marino.

Located in the northeast of the central Italian peninsula, on the northeastern slope of the Apennine Mountains, surrounded on all four sides by Italy (Emilia-Romagna to the north and east, Marche to the south and west). It occupies the area of Mount Titano (739m), roughly halfway between the railway and road connecting Bologna and Ancona. It is the oldest republic in the world, and the second smallest after Nauru. Its origins are said to date back to the early 4th century, when St. Marinus (San Marino) and a group of Christians took refuge there to escape persecution. Protected by natural fortresses, it maintained its independence even in times of war, and in the 11th century it called itself a republic. Its independence was recognized by the Pope in 1631, by Napoleon I in 1797, and by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. During the Italian War of Independence (→Risorgimento), it provided refuge for Giuseppe Garibaldi, and after unification, it secured its independence through various treaties (1862). The government is a parliamentary democracy in which the National Assembly (60 members) elected every five years selects 12 ministers and two prime ministers (who are replaced every six months). There is no regular army, but there is an honor guard and a riot police force. The inhabitants speak Italian and are mostly Catholic. The main industry is agriculture, and the country also exports wine, textiles, varnish, tiles, and stone, but profits from issuing postage stamps account for 30% of national income. More than 3 million tourists visit the country annually, and tourism is also a major source of income. The capital is located on a small rocky mountain called Mount Titano, and is connected by road to Rimini (Italy), which faces the Adriatic Sea to the northeast, and there is also a mountain railway to Borgo Maggiore. There are three fortresses on the rocky mountains, each of which tells the history of the small country that maintained its independence, and there are many medieval buildings, such as the 14th century church containing the tomb of St. Marinus, as well as various sports and recreation facilities. In 2008, the Historic Centre of San Marino and Mount Titano was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

正式名称　サンマリノ共和国 Repubblica di San Marino。
面積　61.2km²。
人口　3万2000（2011推計）。
首都　サンマリノ。

イタリア半島中部北東寄り，アペニン山脈北東斜面に位置し，四方をイタリア (北と東をエミリアロマーニャ州，南と西をマルケ州) に囲まれた国。ボローニャとアンコナを結ぶ鉄道・道路のほぼ中間，ティタノ山 (739m) 一帯を占める，世界で最も古く，ナウルに次いで小さな共和国。4世紀初頭，聖マリヌス (サン・マリノ) と一群のキリスト教徒が迫害を逃れてたてこもったのが起源とされる。天然の要害に守られ，戦乱の時代にもよく独立を守り，11世紀には共和国を自称。1631年にはローマ教皇により，1797年にはナポレオン1世により，さらに 1815年にはウィーン会議によってその独立が承認された。イタリア統一戦争（→リソルジメント）のときにはジュゼッペ・ガリバルディをかくまい，統一後は各種の条約によりその独立を確保 (1862) した。政治は 5年ごとの選挙によって選ばれた国会 (議員数 60) が，12人の閣僚と 2人の首班 (半年ごとに交代) を選ぶ議会民主制。正規軍はないが，儀仗兵と警察機動隊がある。住民はイタリア語を用い，ほとんどがカトリック。農業が主産業で，ワイン，繊維製品，ニス，タイル，石材なども輸出するが，切手の発行利益が国家収入の 30%を占める。年間 300万人をこす観光客が訪れ，観光業の収入も大きい。首都はティタノ山の小高い岩山にあり，北東方のアドリア海に臨むリミニ (イタリア) と道路で結ばれ，ボルゴマッジョーレまでは登山電車の便もある。三つの城塞がそれぞれ岩山上にあって，独立を維持した小国の歴史を物語るほか，14世紀建設の聖マリヌスの墓のある教会堂など中世の建造物が多く，また各種のスポーツ施設，保養施設もある。2008年「サンマリノ歴史地区とティタノ山」として世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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