…Furthermore, R. Jacobson attempted to describe distinctive features not by articulation but by acoustic features. He defined sounds with a wide distance between the first and second formants in the spectrogram as sparse sounds, sounds with a narrow distance as dense sounds, sounds with a high second formant as sharp sounds, and sounds with a low second formant as dull sounds. He further named sounds with a clear formant as vowel-like, and sounds with a noise shadow as consonant-like. He then established 12 sets of contrasting acoustic distinctive features and claimed that all phonemes that appear in the world's languages are combinations of several contrasting features from these sets. … From [Vowels]…If the distance between the first and second formants is wide, it is called diffuse, and if it is narrow, it is called compact. Diffuse corresponds to high vowels, and compact corresponds to low vowels. Also, if the second formant is high, it is called acute, and if it is low, it is called grave. Acute corresponds to front vowels, and grave corresponds to back vowels. However, the more rounded the vowel, the lower the second formant. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "sharp sound" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…さらにR.ヤコブソンは弁別的素性を調音的でなく音響的特徴により記述しようと試みた。彼はスペクトログラムに現れる第1と第2フォルマントの距離の広いものを散音,狭いものを密音とし,第2フォルマントの位置が高いものを鋭音,低いものを鈍音と定め,さらにフォルマントが明確に現れるものを母音的,騒音の影をもつものを子音的と名づけている。そして,このような音響による弁別的素性の12の対立の集合を設定し,世界中の言語に現れるすべての音素は,これらの集合のうちいくつかの対立素性が組み合わさったものであると主張した。… 【母音】より…もし第1フォルマントと第2フォルマントの間の距離が広ければ散音diffuse,狭ければ密音compactと呼ばれるが,ほぼ散音が高母音に,密音が低母音に対応する。また,第2フォルマントの位置の高いものを鋭音acute,低いものを鈍音graveというが,鋭音は前舌母音,鈍音は後舌母音に相当する。ただし,円唇母音ほど第2フォルマントが低くなる。… ※「鋭音」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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