Kanamycin - Kanamycin

Japanese: カナマイシン - かなまいしん(英語表記)kanamycin
Kanamycin - Kanamycin

It is one of the representative aminoglycoside (amino sugar) antibiotics. Its Japanese Pharmacopoeia name is kanamycin sulfate. It is produced in the culture medium of Streptomyces kanamyceticus , an actinomycete discovered in soil in Nagano Prefecture by Hamao Umezawa and others in 1957 (Showa 32), but total synthesis by chemical methods has also been successful, and the theory of resistance has also been established. It is a white or yellowish-white powder that dissolves easily in water, and is available as an injection or oral drug. It has a wide range of antibacterial properties, and is effective against gram-positive bacteria (excluding streptococci and clostridia), gram-negative bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, actinomycetes, and leptospira, but does not work against fungi, rickettsia, viruses, or protozoa. In addition to being used as an antituberculous agent, it is also used for respiratory tract infections caused by gram-positive and negative bacteria, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea infections, bacterial diarrhea, dysentery, etc. It is not absorbed by the digestive tract and is excreted in the feces, so oral administration is limited to intestinal infections. Side effects from injections include damage to the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) and kidney damage, but oral administration does not pose any risk in cases other than renal failure. Based on kanamycin, aminoglycoside antibiotics such as bekanamycin, dibekacin, and amikacin have been developed that are less susceptible to resistance in gram-negative bacteria.

[Fumiji Koho]

[References] | Hamao Umezawa | Antituberculosis drugs | Antibiotics | Dysentery

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

代表的なアミノグリコシド(アミノ糖)系抗生物質の一つ。日本薬局方名は硫酸カナマイシン。1957年(昭和32)梅沢浜夫らが長野県の土壌中から発見した放線菌ストレプトミセス・カナミセティックスStreptmyces kanamyceticusの培養液中に産生するが、化学的方法による全合成にも成功しており、耐性の理論も確立している。白色ないし黄白色の粉末で、水に溶けやすく、注射剤と内服剤がある。幅広い抗菌力をもち、連鎖球菌とクロストリジウムを除くグラム陽性菌、グラム陰性菌、抗酸菌、放線菌、レプトスピラに有効であるが、真菌、リケッチア、ウイルス、原虫には作用しない。抗結核剤として用いられるほか、グラム陽性菌・陰性菌による気道感染症、尿路感染症、淋菌(りんきん)感染症、細菌性下痢、赤痢などに適用される。消化管からは吸収されず糞便(ふんべん)とともに排出されるので、内服は腸管感染症に限って用いられる。注射による副作用としては第8脳神経(内耳神経)障害や腎(じん)障害があるが、内服の場合は腎不全以外の症例では副作用の心配はない。カナマイシンをベースにして、ベカナマイシン、ジベカシン、アミカシンなど、おもにグラム陰性菌の耐性化を受けにくいアミノグリコシド系抗生物質が開発された。

[幸保文治]

[参照項目] | 梅沢浜夫 | 抗結核薬 | 抗生物質 | 赤痢

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