Saarland - Saarland (English spelling)

Japanese: ザールラント - ざーるらんと(英語表記)Saarland
Saarland - Saarland (English spelling)

A federal state in the southwestern corner of Germany. Its capital is Saarbrücken. The state lies in the basin of the Saar River and its tributaries, bordering France to the south, Luxembourg to the west, and Rhineland-Palatinate to the north and east. Its French name is Sarre. Its area is 2,569 square kilometers, and its population is 1,068,700 (2000). The northern part of the state is a mountainous area of ​​crystalline schist and quartzite (595 meters high), which is part of the Hunsrück mountain range, and is widely covered with forests. The rest of the state is a relatively dissected hilly area, with a mixture of forests, pastures, and cultivated land. The climate is west-coast marine, with about 800 mm of precipitation per year, and the average annual temperature is 8 to 9 degrees Celsius. Forests remain widely distributed from north to east of Saarbrücken, and coalfields are distributed roughly along these areas.

Since the late 19th century, the development of coalfields and the iron industry have been active, and the region has changed from a poor agricultural region to a modern industrial region. Industries such as iron, steel, and machinery are concentrated in the area from Dillingen an der Saar in the west of the state to Saarbrücken in the south and Neunkirchen (population 50,900, 2000) in the east. In the past, the coal industry was active and there were many coal miners, but since the energy revolution of the 1960s, the industrial structure has been changed and the proportion of tertiary industry workers has increased. Agriculture is somewhat active in the areas near the French border, where there is fertile soil, but in other areas, it is not very active, partly because many farms have less than 10 hectares of land. Grain cultivation and raising beef and dairy cows are common.

[Yoichi Asano]

history

The name Saarland did not exist administratively, politically, or historically until 1918. This region, consisting of small estates of Imperial knights, came under French influence after the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century and was occupied for a time by Louis XIV (1680-97). During the French Revolution, it was annexed to France along with the left bank of the Rhine, but after Napoleon's defeat, most of it was transferred to Prussia and the southeastern part to Bavaria in the Treaty of Paris (1815). During the Prussian-Austrian War, Napoleon III looked into the region, but was interested in important resources such as coal. After World War I, France tried to annex it but failed, and it became an autonomous region under the supervision of the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versailles, and was returned to Germany as a result of a referendum in 1935. After World War II, France attempted to separate the region from Germany and integrate it economically, but gave up after the 1954 Saar Status Agreement was rejected in a referendum the following year.The Saar Treaty was signed in October 1956, and the Saarland was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.

[Teruo Yoshida]

[References] | Saarbrücken | Saar problem

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ南西端にある連邦州の一つ。州都はザールブリュッケン。州域はザール川およびその支流の流域にあり、南はフランスに、西はルクセンブルクに、北から東にかけてはラインラント・プファルツ州に接する。フランス語名サールSarre。面積2569平方キロメートル、人口106万8700(2000)。北部はフンスリュックHunsrück山地の一部をなす結晶片岩や珪岩(けいがん)の山地(最高地点は595メートル)で、広く森林に覆われている。そのほかは比較的開析の進んだ丘陵地帯で、森林、牧草地、耕地が混在する。気候は西岸海洋性で、年間800ミリメートルほどの降水は周年的であり、年平均気温は8~9℃である。ザールブリュッケンの北から東にかけては森林が広く残り、ほぼこれに沿って炭田が分布する。

 19世紀後半から炭田の開発と製鉄業が活発になり、この地方は貧しい農業地帯から近代工業地帯へと変化した。製鉄、鉄鋼、機械などの工業は、州西部のディリンゲンDillingen an der Saarから南部のザールブリュッケンを経て東部のノインキルヘンNeunkirchen(人口5万0900。2000)に至る地帯に集中する。かつては石炭産業が活発で炭鉱労働者が多かったが、1960年代のエネルギー革命以降、産業構造の改変が進み、第三次産業就業者の比率が高まった。農業は、フランス国境に近い部分では肥沃(ひよく)な土壌があり、やや活発であるが、その他の地域では経営規模が10ヘクタール以下の農家が多いこともあって、あまり振るわない。穀物栽培と、肉牛・乳牛の飼養が一般的に行われている。

[朝野洋一]

歴史

ザールラントの名称は、1918年までは行政上も、政治的にも、歴史的にも存在しない。帝国騎士の小所領からなるこの地域は、17世紀の三十年戦争以後フランスの影響を受け、ルイ14世に一時占領された(1680~97)。フランス革命期にはライン左岸地域とともにフランスに併合されたが、ナポレオン敗北後のパリ条約(1815)で、その大部分がプロイセンに、南東部がバイエルンに編入された。プロイセン・オーストリア戦争の際、ナポレオン3世はここをうかがうが、その関心は石炭など重要資源にあった。第一次世界大戦後フランスはここを併合しようとするが失敗し、ベルサイユ条約で国際連盟監督下の自治地域となり、1935年住民投票の結果ドイツに復帰した。第二次世界大戦後フランスはここをドイツから分離し経済的に統合しようとするが、1954年のザール地位協定が翌年の住民投票で否決されると断念し、56年10月ザール条約を結び、ザールラントはドイツ連邦共和国に編入された。

[吉田輝夫]

[参照項目] | ザールブリュッケン | ザール問題

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