An evergreen small shrub of the Ericaceae family (APG classification: Ericaceae). Also called bearberry. Numerous stems grow along the ground, with branches 0.5-1 meter long that grow upward, with dense, alternate leaves. Flowering branches are shorter. The leaves are thick, leathery, entire, obovate, up to 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, with blunt or round tips and short stalks. In April and May, several flowers appear in racemes at the ends of the branches, with pale pink urn-shaped corollas that open downward, with five lobes at the tip and hairy inside. There are 10 stamens, 1 pistil, and the ovary is superior. The fruit is a spherical red berry that bears and birds love to eat. It is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere's cold and alpine zones, but not in Japan. Because it is a cold-zone plant, doctors in the Greek and Roman eras were not aware of it. Its medicinal use was first recorded in a 13th century book in England. From the mid-18th century, the leaves began to be used frequently to treat kidney and bladder stones. Because it contains the phenolic glycosides arbutin and methylarbutin, as well as tannins, it is also used as a urinary tract antiseptic and astringent diuretic for urethritis, cystitis, and gonorrhea. Native Americans mixed the dried leaves with tobacco and smoked them. In the past, the whole plant was used to tan goat hides and to dye wool gray or black. In Northern Europe, the berries are mixed into bread or made into a syrup for drinking. In Japan and North America, cowberry leaves are used medicinally for the same purposes. [Motoo Nagasawa April 16, 2021] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ツツジ科(APG分類:ツツジ科)の常緑小低木。クマコケモモともいう。多数の茎は地面をはって伸び、長さ0.5~1メートルの枝を上方に出し、そこに葉が密に互生する。花をつける枝はそれより短い。葉は厚い革質、全縁、倒卵形、長さ3センチメートル以下、幅1.5センチメートル以下で、先端は鈍頭または円頭で柄は短い。4~5月に枝の先に数個の花を総状花序をなしてつけ、壺(つぼ)形の花冠は淡紅色で下向きに開き、先端は5裂し、内面に毛がある。雄しべ10本、雌しべ1本、子房は上位。果実は赤色球形の液果で、クマや鳥が好んで食する。北半球の寒帯、高山帯に広く分布するが日本にはない。寒帯産の植物であるからギリシア・ローマ時代の医者はこれを知らなかった。薬用としてはイギリスで13世紀の書物に記されたのがもっとも古い。18世紀中期から葉が腎(じん)・膀胱(ぼうこう)結石の治療によく使われだした。フェノール配糖体のアルブチン、メチルアルブチンとタンニンを含有するので、尿路防腐剤、収斂(しゅうれん)利尿剤として、尿道炎、膀胱炎、淋疾(りんしつ)にも用いる。ネイティブ・アメリカンはこの乾燥した葉をタバコに混ぜて喫煙した。古くは全草をヤギの皮なめしに、羊毛を灰色や黒色に染めるときに用いた。北ヨーロッパでは液果をパンに混ぜたり、シロップをつくって飲む。日本と北アメリカではコケモモの葉を同じ目的で薬用に供する。 [長沢元夫 2021年4月16日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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