Vienna Circle (English: Wiener Kreis) German

Japanese: ウィーン学団 - うぃーんがくだん(英語表記)Wiener Kreis ドイツ語
Vienna Circle (English: Wiener Kreis) German

Around 1924, a group of natural scientists and mathematicians gathered around Moritz Schlick, who had a background in physics and taught philosophy at the University of Vienna, and engaged in philosophical debates. Then, at the end of the 1920s, in cooperation with philosopher Reichenbach, who was in Berlin at the time, they consciously formed a philosophical group and began activities such as publishing and holding international conferences. However, they disliked the name "Schule" and called themselves Wiener Kreis, so the name is usually translated as "Wiener Kreis". Among the famous members were Schlick, philosopher Carnap, Feigl, sociologist Neurath, and mathematician Gödel, but the British philosopher Ayer and the American logician Quine also went to Vienna in their youth and were exposed to the activities of the group. They also kept in contact with philosophers with similar positions, including the aforementioned Reichenbach, so in a broad sense the term can refer to a wide range of scholars, including these people.

The Colloquium had almost no specialists in philosophy, and was a group that aimed for its members, who were specialists in individual sciences such as physics, mathematics, and economics, to freely express their opinions and engage in lively debate; it did not necessarily share a single system, but the following general trends can be mentioned: Inspired by the results of modern logic at the time, it assumed that all scientific results could be expressed in logical symbols. Based on this assumption, it held that all propositions whose validity can be determined logically, and propositions whose validity can be determined by empirical evidence recognized by science, can be expressed as meaningful propositions using logical symbols. It held that all propositions that cannot be rewritten into these two types of propositions are meaningless propositions, and in particular that the majority of propositions in traditional philosophy belong to this category. The members of the Colloquium called such meaningless propositions "metaphysical."

As can be seen from the above, this group was based on empiricism or positivism, but at the same time, it was influenced by the application of logic to philosophy by Russell and Wittgenstein, and placed importance on mathematics integrated with logic from a logicalist standpoint. Therefore, the philosophy of this group was labeled as "logical positivism," and the members themselves eventually came to accept this label.

As it gradually became clear that implementing the program of separating meaningful and meaningless propositions based on expressions using logical symbols was unexpectedly difficult, the group was dissolved by Nazi Germany, which annexed Austria in 1938. However, many of the members defected to the Anglo-Saxon world, and created the impetus for the birth of today's analytical philosophy.

[Yoshida Natsuhiko]

[References] | Analytical philosophy | Logical positivism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1924年ごろから、物理学の出身でウィーン大学で哲学を講じていたモリツ・シュリックを中心として一群の自然科学者、数学者などが集まり、哲学的な議論を戦わせていた。そして、1920年代の末、当時ベルリンにいた哲学者ライヘンバハなどと呼応して意識的に一つの哲学上のグループを形成し、出版、国際会議開催などの活動を始めたが「学派」Schuleの名を嫌い、Wiener Kreisと名のったので、普通この「ウィーン学団」の訳名でよばれる。メンバーのなかでも有名なのは、シュリックのほか、哲学者カルナップ、同ファイグル、社会学者ノイラート、数学者ゲーデルなどであるが、若いころのイギリスの哲学者エイヤーやアメリカの論理学者クワインなども、ウィーンに行ってこの学団の活動に触れた。また前記のライヘンバハをはじめ、似たような立場の哲学者と連絡をとっていたので、広義にはこの人たちも含めた広い範囲の学者をさすことがある。

 学団は、哲学の専門家がほとんどいず、物理学、数学、経済学などの個別科学の専門家によりなる各メンバーが自由にその意見を表明して、活発な討論を行うことを目ざしたグループで、かならずしも一つの体系を共有するものではなかったが、だいたいの傾向として次のようなことがあげられる。当時の現代論理学の成果に示唆を得、科学上の成果をすべて論理記号で書き表されるものと想定したこと。この想定のうえで、論理的な正否が決定できる命題、および科学の認める経験によって正否が決定できる命題は、すべて論理記号によって有意味な命題として表現できるとしたこと。この2種の命題に書き直せないものはすべて無意味な命題であるとし、とくに、伝統的な哲学の命題の大部分はこれに属するとしたこと。このような無意味な命題を、学団のメンバーは「形而上(けいじじょう)学的なもの」とよんだ。

 以上のことからわかるように、この学団は経験主義ないし実証主義の系譜にたつものであるが、同時に、ラッセルやウィットゲンシュタインによる論理学の哲学への応用に影響され、論理主義的な立場から論理学と一体となった数学を重視していた。そこでこの学団の哲学には「論理実証主義」のレッテルがはられ、やがてメンバー自身もこのレッテルを受け入れるようになった。

 論理記号による表現に即して有意味な命題と無意味な命題とを選別するというプログラムを実行することは意外に困難なことがしだいにわかってくるうちに、1938年オーストリアを合併したナチス・ドイツの手によりこの学団は解散させられた。だが、メンバーの多くは、アングロ・サクソン圏に亡命し、今日の分析哲学が生ずるきっかけをつくった。

[吉田夏彦]

[参照項目] | 分析哲学 | 論理実証主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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