The study of interpretation. In other words, it is a philosophical theory related to "understanding" (internal knowledge), which is the grasp of the expression of life or the human spirit, as distinguished from "explanation" (external knowledge) represented by natural scientific knowledge. The idea of hermeneutics dates back to classical Greece. The Greek verb "interpret" has three meanings, "to express," "to explain/interpret," and "to translate," derived from the original meaning of "to make understood" or "to make understood." The mission of Hermes, the messenger of the gods who is said to have invented language and writing, was to convey the thoughts of the gods to people in this sense. The work of interpretation as an act of understanding has been carried out since ancient times, but historically, the theological and philological interpretation of the Christian Bible, which inherited Hellenistic linguistics, philology, and Stoic metaphorical interpretation, as well as the legal interpretation related to Roman law, are important. The concept of hermeneutics as the study of understanding was established late in modern times, and Schleiermacher's significance in this regard was crucial. He strictly limited the concept of hermeneutics to the technical theory of understanding, which is divided into two parts: grammatical interpretation and psychological interpretation. Beck (1785-1867), who provided a systematic foundation for hermeneutics, was his student. Following Schleiermacher, Dilthey defined hermeneutics as "the technical theory of understanding living expressions fixed in documents," and sought in it a foundation for history and the science of the mind in general. Later, the use of this concept expanded to mean the interpretation of life and the world, and of humanity in general, and became a method of philosophy itself. Heidegger took this line to the extreme and defined hermeneutics as "phenomenology of existence, which means the analysis of the existential nature of existence." In this science, the conditions of the possibility of all ontological inquiry should be made clear. His influence was deep and wide-ranging, and was interdisciplinary, just like Bultmann's theology. One example is the ethics of the Japanese philosopher Watsuji Tetsuro. Based on Heidegger's ontological analysis of the circular structure of understanding, Gadamer advocated a representative modern hermeneutical philosophy. He presented the horizon of knowledge and the historicity of understanding, and sharply criticized the concept of truth in modern critical methodological knowledge. His ideas of the linguistic nature of the world horizon and the fundamental linguistic nature of experience give language an absolute position. Today, the relationship between truth and methodological knowledge, tradition and criticism is being debated in relation to hermeneutical philosophy, and Ricoeur is attempting a critical hermeneutics. Also, themes such as hermeneutics and practical philosophy in relation to values and norms, as well as horizons and paradigms (frameworks for connecting concepts), language and pre-(non-)linguistics, art and hermeneutics, and hermeneutics and rhetoric, which have traditionally been deeply related to each other, are being widely questioned. [Kenji Tokoha] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
解釈に関する学。すなわち自然科学的認識によって代表される「説明」(外面的認識)とは区別された、生あるいは人間精神の表現の把握である「理解」(内面的認識)にかかわる哲学理論。解釈学の思想は古典ギリシアにさかのぼる。「解釈する」というギリシア語動詞は、「理解させる」「わからせる」という元の意義から派生した、「表現する」「説明・解釈する」「翻訳する」という三様の意義をもっている。ことばと文字の発明者とされる神々の使者ヘルメスの任務は、このような意味における神々の思想の人々への伝達であった。理解の営みとしての解釈の作業は古代以降なされてきたが、歴史的には、ヘレニズム期の言語学、文献学とストア派的な比喩(ひゆ)的解釈とを受け継いだキリスト教の聖書の神学的・文献学的解釈、ならびにローマ法にかかわる法学的解釈が重要である。理解の学としての解釈学の概念が確立したのは遅く近代のことであり、その際シュライエルマハーのもつ意義は決定的であった。彼は解釈学の概念を厳密に理解の技術論に限定したが、それは文法的解釈と心理的解釈の2部門に分けられる。解釈学に体系的基礎を与えたベック(1785―1867)は彼の弟子である。ディルタイはシュライエルマハーに則して解釈学を「文書に固定された生の諸表現の理解に関する技術論」と定義し、そこに歴史学、精神科学一般の基礎づけを求めた。 その後、この概念の用法は拡大され、生と世界の解釈、人間一般の解釈を意味し、哲学そのものの方法となったのである。この線を徹底させてハイデッガーは、解釈学を「実存の実存性の分析論を意味する現存在の現象学」と規定する。この学において、すべての存在論的探究の可能性の条件が明らかにされるべきなのである。彼の影響は深く広範であり、神学のブルトマンにおけるように学際的でもあった。日本の和辻哲郎(わつじてつろう)の倫理学もその一例といえよう。ハイデッガーによる理解の循環構造の存在論的分析を踏まえて、現代の代表的な解釈学的哲学を唱えたのがガダマーである。彼は知の地平性、理解の歴史性を提示して、近代的・批判的方法知の真理概念を鋭く批判した。その世界地平の言語性、経験の根源的言語性の思想は、言語に絶対的ともいえる位置を与えている。今日、解釈学的哲学をめぐって、真理と方法知、伝統と批判の関係が論議され、リクールは批判的解釈学を企てている。また価値や規範に関連して解釈学と実践哲学、さらには地平とパラダイム(諸概念の結び付きの枠組み)、言語と先(非)言語的なもの、芸術と解釈学、伝統的には深く関係しあっていた解釈学とレトリック、といったテーマが広く問われている。 [常葉謙二] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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