Private tutor - KATEIKYOSHI

Japanese: 家庭教師 - かていきょうし
Private tutor - KATEIKYOSHI

A teacher who provides one-on-one instruction to young people in private settings such as their homes.

In Europe, private tutors are called tutors. This word originally meant a guardian, guardian, or supervisor for minors, and is usually used to mean a live-in private tutor or private teacher. Only children from upper-class families who could afford to hire a private tutor were educated by a private tutor. The origin of this word dates back to the Greek era of paidagogos (a religious servant), and it referred to educated people in Athens who were subordinate to Sparta and became slaves to the Spartans to educate the children of their masters. Famous thinkers who had experience as private tutors include Aristotle, Locke, Fichte, Kant, Herbart, Schleiermacher, and Rousseau. The situation in which only children from the upper class could receive an education continued until the 19th century, when the modern school education system was established. However, the transition from an era focused on private tutors to an era focused on school education was not easy. This is also evident from the report of the Taunt Committee on Private Grammar Schools, which revealed in 1868 that 11.6% of students at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England had been educated by private tutors. However, it is true that as the school education system became more developed, private tutoring disappeared.

Private tutors in Japan do not replace school education as in Europe, but rather supplement it and improve academic performance in order to advance to higher education. Historically, from the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taisho period, middle-class and above families began to hire private tutors, but they were very few in number. The demand for private tutors increased explosively after World War II, especially from the 1960s onwards. In the 1960s, the rate of progression to both upper secondary education and higher education rose sharply compared to the period before, and as a result, entrance exams became overly competitive. The main source of private tutors were university students.

After that, the demand for private tutors waned as the number of large cram schools and other institutions increased. A basic survey conducted in 1996 by the then Management and Coordination Agency's Youth Affairs Headquarters found that only 1-2% of fourth to sixth grade elementary school students, both boys and girls, had private tutors, and 25-27% attended cram schools. Among junior high school students, the figures were around 5% of both boys and girls who had private tutors, and 50.2% of boys and 42.3% of girls attended cram schools, indicating that attending cram schools had become mainstream. One possible reason for this is that the monthly tuition fees for private tutors are higher than those for cram schools.

According to a survey conducted by the Cabinet Office in 2007, 1.7% of elementary school students have private tutors, while 30.0% attend cram schools or preparatory schools. Among junior high school students, 4.1% have private tutors, while 51.5% of boys and 46.3% of girls attend cram schools or preparatory schools, showing that the proportion of those attending cram schools or preparatory schools has increased even more than 11 years ago.

[Kazuo Nishine]

"Family and Education" by F. Musgrove, translated by Shikko Arashi, Ue Tadahiko, and Kasuga Kouo (1976, Shinhyoron)""The Lifestyles and Attitudes of Japanese Youth - Basic Survey Report on the Lifestyles and Attitudes of Youth, compiled by the Management and Coordination Agency Youth Affairs Headquarters (1997, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance)""Survey Report on the Lifestyles and Attitudes of Young Youth, compiled and published by the Cabinet Office (2007)"

[Reference] | Cram school | Education industry | Tutor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

青少年を家庭など私的な場所でマン・ツー・マン指導をする教師をいう。

 ヨーロッパにおける家庭教師は、チューターtutorとよばれる。これは元来、未成年者などの保護者、後見人、監視者などの意味をもち、通例住み込みの家庭教師あるいは私的教師などの意味に用いられる。このチューターとよばれる家庭教師について教育を受けたのは、家庭教師を雇うことのできた上流家庭の子弟だけであった。この語の起源は、ギリシア時代のパイダゴーゴス(教僕)に始まり、スパルタに従属させられたアテネの教養人がスパルタ人の奴隷となって、主家の子弟を教育するものをいった。なお、有名な思想家で家庭教師の経験をもつ人たちには、アリストテレス、ロック、フィヒテ、カント、ヘルバルト、シュライエルマハー、ルソーなどがいる。上流階級の子弟だけしか教育を受けることができないという状況は、近代学校教育制度が整備される19世紀まで続いたのである。しかし、家庭教師指向の時代から学校教育指向の時代への転換は、簡単にはいかなかった。このことは、1868年、イギリスのオックスフォードおよびケンブリッジの大学生の11.6%は家庭教師のもとで教育を受けてきたことを明らかにした、私立のグラマー・スクールに関するタウント委員会の答申をみても明らかである。ただ、学校教育制度が充実するにつれて消滅していったのは事実である。

 日本における家庭教師は、ヨーロッパのように学校教育にかわるというものではなく、あくまでも学校教育を補足し、進学のための学業成績を向上させるという役割をもっているものである。歴史的にみると、明治末・大正初期ごろから、中産階級以上の家庭で家庭教師を雇うことが行われたが、それはきわめて少数であった。家庭教師の需要が爆発的に増加するのは、第二次世界大戦後、とくに昭和40年代以降である。昭和40年代は、それ以前に比べて後期中等教育も高等教育もともに進学率が急上昇し、その結果入学試験が過当競争化した時期であった。そして家庭教師のおもな供給源は大学生であった。

 その後、大手学習塾などの増加につれて家庭教師の需要は下火となる。1996年(平成8)に実施された、当時の総務庁青少年対策本部による基本調査では、小学校4~6年生で家庭教師についている者は男女ともにわずか1~2%、学習塾に通う者は25~27%であった。中学生では、家庭教師についている者が男女とも約5%、学習塾に通うものが男子50.2%、女子42.3%に達しており、学習塾通いが主流となってきたことがわかる。これは、家庭教師の月謝が学習塾のそれよりも高いということも理由として考えられる。

 2007年に内閣府が行った調査では、小学生で家庭教師についている者は1.7%、学習塾・予備校に通う者は30.0%となっている。中学生では、家庭教師についている者が4.1%、学習塾・予備校に通う者が男子51.5%、女子46.3%に達しており、学習塾・予備校に通う者の割合が11年前よりさらに多くなっている。

[西根和雄]

『F・マスグロウブ著、執行嵐・羽江忠彦・春日耕夫訳『家族と教育』(1976・新評論)』『総務庁青少年対策本部編『日本の青少年の生活と意識――青少年の生活と意識に関する基本調査報告書』(1997・大蔵省印刷局)』『内閣府編・刊『低年齢少年の生活と意識に関する調査報告書』(2007)』

[参照項目] | 学習塾 | 教育産業 | チューター

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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