Ottoman troops marched against Vienna in the 16th and 17th centuries [First] 1529 The cause was a feud over the possession of Hungary. After the Battle of Mohács (1526), Hungary was annexed to the Ottoman Empire with Janos Szapoja, a great nobleman from Transylvania, as king. In response, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V appointed Ferdinand as king of Hungary, resulting in a situation in which two men claimed the throne in Hungary. After the withdrawal of the Ottoman troops, Ferdinand challenged Szapoja to a fight, and Szapoja, who was defeated, fled to Poland, from where he requested support from the Ottoman Empire. Upon receiving the request, Ottoman Emperor Suleiman I recaptured Buda, bestowed the crown on Szapoja, and approached Vienna, the stronghold of the Habsburgs, where Ferdinand was waiting. The Ottoman army launched a bold attack from the end of September, but retreated in an orderly manner in mid-October due to the cold weather. The purpose of this siege was to put an end to Charles V's dominance in Europe and to support the French king. The Habsburgs had at least accomplished their mission of "defending Europe, or the Christian world," but the siege of Vienna made the "Turkish threat" that had long been touted in Europe a reality. [Second Siege] 1683 During the period when the Köprülü family's military personnel served as Grand Viziers in the Ottoman Empire and achieved the greatest territory of the empire (Köprülü period, 1654-91), the Grand Vizier and son-in-law of the family, Kara Mustafa Pasha, sent 150,000 troops in July to besiege Vienna, driven by his ambition. Vienna was defended by only 10,000 troops, and it was not until September that the Polish army led by Jan Sobieski and the Imperial army led by Charles, Duke of Lorraine, arrived and liberated the city. Kara Mustafa Pasha was held responsible for the failure of the siege and executed. The failure of the second siege not only highlighted the reversal of the balance of power between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs, but also triggered a five-year war between the Ottoman Empire and Austria, Poland, Venice, and the newly emerging Russia. Defeated in this war, the Ottoman Empire lost Hungary and Transylvania in the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, and began a process of retreat from Europe. Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition |
16世紀と17世紀にオスマン帝国軍が行ったウィーンに対する進軍 【第1次】1529 ハンガリーの領有に関する確執がその原因。モハーチの戦い(1526)後,ハンガリーはトランシルヴァニア出身の大貴族サポイヤ=ヤーノシュを王に戴くかたちでオスマン帝国に併合された。これに対して神聖ローマ帝国皇帝カール5世がフェルディナントをハンガリー王に推戴し,ハンガリーで2人が王位を主張する事態が生じた。オスマン軍の引き揚げ後,フェルディナントがサポイヤに闘いを挑み,敗れたサポイヤはポーランドに逃げ,そこからオスマン帝国に支援を要請した。要請を受けたオスマン皇帝スレイマン1世は,ブダを奪回しサポイヤに王冠を授けると,フェルディナントが待ち受けるハプスブルク家の牙城ウィーンに迫った。オスマン軍は,9月末から果敢に攻撃するも,寒さのため10月半ばに整然と撤退した。この包囲戦の目的は,ヨーロッパにおけるカール5世の優位に終止符を打ち,フランス王を支援する目的があった。ハプスブルク家は,とりあえず「ヨーロッパ=キリスト教世界の防衛」という使命を果たしたが,一方でウィーン包囲は,ヨーロッパで長らく喧伝されていた「トルコの脅威」を現実のものとした。 【第2次】1683 オスマン帝国でキョプリュリュ家の軍人が大宰相を歴任して最大の帝国領を実現した時期(キョプリュリュ時代,1654〜91),同家の娘婿で大宰相のカラ=ムスタファ=パシャが功名心から7月に15万の兵を送って包囲戦を強行。わずか1万人余りの兵力が守備するウィーンを,9月になってようやくヤン=ソビェスキ率いるポーランド軍とロートリンゲン公カール率いる皇帝軍が到着して解放。包囲戦に失敗したカラ=ムスタファ=パシャは,その責任を問われて処刑された。第2次包囲戦の失敗は,オスマン帝国とハプスブルク家の力関係の逆転を浮かび上がらせただけでなく,その後オーストリア・ポーランド・ヴェネツィア,さらに新興のロシアを加えた諸国とオスマン帝国との5年におよぶ戦争を引き起こした。この戦争に敗北したオスマン帝国は,1699年のカルロヴィッツ条約でハンガリー・トランシルヴァニアを失い,ヨーロッパからの後退過程に入ることになった。 出典 旺文社世界史事典 三訂版旺文社世界史事典 三訂版について 情報 |
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