It refers to the function, usage, and content of symbols in a broad sense, centered on language. Therefore, concepts, propositions (sentences), and the contexts formed by propositions all have meaning. Meaning is one of the basic categories of human intelligence, and it is impossible, or at least extremely difficult, to define it with other words, as is clear from the following example. In traditional formal logic, concepts are distinguished between "intension" and "extension." For example, the intensification of "cherry blossom" is the property or attribute common to all cherry trees, and the extension refers to the collection of all cherry trees. In modern logic, the former can also include "relationships" such as "... is greater than...," and the latter can be dismissed as "sets." In this way, intensification, including relations, can be said to be an important part of "meaning," but even if meaning is identified with a set or replaced with a set, "belonging," which means that an element of a set belongs to a set, is part of a relationship, and here, meaning as a relationship must be presupposed to a minimum. Therefore, one of the important methods for clarifying meaning is to categorize it from various viewpoints and to clarify its characteristics by comparing it with other concepts. For example, the following categorizations and questions can be considered: (1) Descriptive meaning is distinguished from non-descriptive meaning. The former is related to description in a broad sense, and within it, a distinction is made between meaning as a function of relations in formal sciences such as logic and mathematics, and meaning related to substantial content such as in the case of terms and propositions in empirical sciences. The latter is not a description of facts, but has the essential function of expressing the attitude and emotions of the sign user (speaker, writer) and influencing the psychology and behavior of the sign interpreter (listener, reader), such as commands, recommendations, evaluations, commendations, and obligations, and plays an important role in such fields as ethics, aesthetics, evaluation, and literature. In addition, (2) the distinction between meaningful and meaningless expressions and (3) meaning as the "intention" of the speaker or writer are questions that arise. Furthermore, (4) the ontological nature of meaning, in that meaning is different from empirically known particulars, has been an issue in the ancient tradition of universal debate. [Takahide Toshita] Generally, when a certain mental content is evoked by a certain symbol, that mental content is called the meaning of that symbol. Linguistic symbols (sounds or letters) refer to objects (referents) in the outside world through their meaning. This relationship is shown by the "meaning triangle" proposed by Ogden and Richards.
We use language to communicate meaning, but not all of the content of communication is expressed through language. Sufficient meaning can only be conveyed when clues such as prior knowledge of the outside world shared by the speaker and listener, the ability to restore omitted sentences, non-verbal behavior, and the situation at hand are used. [Tetsuya Kunihiro] "Introduction to Semantics" by F.R. Palmer, translated by Takashi Kawamoto (1978, Hakusuisha) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
言語を中心とする、広義の記号の機能、用法、内容をいう。したがって、概念、命題(文)、命題が形成する文脈などはすべて意味をもつ。意味は人類の知的な範疇(はんちゅう)のなかで基本的なものの一つであり、それを他の語で定義し、代替することが不可能か、少なくとも至難であることは、次の一例からも明らかである。伝統的形式論理学では、概念に「内包(ないほう)」と「外延(がいえん)」を区別した。たとえば「桜」の内包はすべての桜の木に共通の性質、属性であり、外延は桜の木全体の集まりをいう。現代論理では、前者に「……は……より大きい」のような「関係」をも含め、後者は「集合」と割り切ることができよう。このように、関係も含めた内包は「意味」の重要な一部といいうるが、意味を集合と同一視したり、集合で代替しても、集合の要素が集合に属することをいう「帰属」は関係の一部であり、ここに、関係としての意味は最小限度前提されざるをえない。 それゆえ、意味の解明の重要な方法の一つは、それをさまざまな視点から類型化し、また、他の概念と対比させて特色を明らかにすることにあり、たとえば次のような類型や設問が考えられる。(1)記述的意味と非記述的意味とが区別され、前者は広義の記述にかかわるもので、そのなかにも、論理、数学のような形式科学における関係の機能としての意味と、経験科学の名辞や命題の場合のように実質的内容に関する意味が区別される。後者は、事実の記述でなく、命令、勧告、評価、推賞、義務のように、記号使用者(語り手、書き手)の態度や情緒の表出、および記号解釈者(聞き手、読み手)の心理や行動への影響を本質的機能とし、倫理、美学、評価、文学などのような諸領域で重要な役割を演ずる。そのほか、(2)表現の有意味と無意味の別や、(3)話し手、書き手の「意図」としての意味が問われ、さらに、(4)意味が経験的に知られる個物と異なるという点で、その存在論的性格が、古来、普遍論争の伝統で問題とされる。 [杖下隆英] 一般に、ある記号によって一定の心的内容が喚起されるとき、その心的内容をその記号の意味という。言語記号(音形あるいは文字)はその意味を介して、さらに外界の事物(指示物)をさす。この関係はオグデンとリチャーズが提唱した「意味の三角形」によって示される。
われわれは言語を用いて意味を伝えるが、伝達内容のすべてが言語により表現されるのではない。話し手と聞き手が共有する外界についての予備知識、省略文復原能力、非言語行動、場面の状況などを手掛りとして初めて十分な意味伝達が成立する。 [国広哲弥] 『F・R・パーマー著、川本喬訳『意味論入門』(1978・白水社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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