American bacteriologist. Born in Halifax, Canada, to a pastor who emigrated from England. Graduated from Colgate University and Columbia University Medical School. After working at the Hoagland Laboratory, he worked in the Respiratory Medicine Department at Rockefeller Hospital from 1913 to 1948. He mainly studied Streptococcus pneumoniae, but his research was wide-ranging. Starting from the problem of infectious diseases, he conducted immunological research and discovered the relationship between the pathogenicity of bacteria and the presence of an outer membrane called a capsule, as well as immunological specificity due to the chemical composition of the capsule. He also focused on the phenomenon of transformation of the characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which was discovered by Fred Griffith (1881-1941) in 1928, and from around 1932, he attempted to isolate the substance that transformed the pneumococcus, and announced in 1944 that it was DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This was the first important result to show that genes are DNA. [Mieko Ishidate] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの細菌学者。イギリスから移民した牧師を父に、カナダのハリファックスに生まれる。コルゲート大学、コロンビア大学医学部卒業。ホーグランド研究所を経て、1913~1948年ロックフェラー病院の呼吸器病研究部に勤める。主として肺炎双球菌の研究を行ったが、その内容は多方面にわたっている。伝染病の問題から出発し、免疫学的な研究を行い、細菌の病原性と莢膜(きょうまく)とよばれる外被膜の存在との関係、莢膜の化学組成による免疫学的特異性などをみいだした。また、グリフィスFred Griffith(1881―1941)が1928年に発見した肺炎双球菌の形質の転換現象に注目し、1932年ころより、この転換物質を分離する試みを行い、1944年これがDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)であると発表した。これは遺伝子がDNAであることを示す最初の重要な結果であった。 [石館三枝子] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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