Gene mutation - にんしとつゼンヘい (English spelling)

Japanese: 遺伝子突然変異 - いでんしとつぜんへんい(英語表記)gene mutation
Gene mutation - にんしとつゼンヘい (English spelling)

A genetic mutation that occurs due to a change in the genes of an organism. It is also called a point mutation. It is the opposite of a chromosome mutation, which occurs due to a change in the structure or number of chromosomes.

Genes exist at specific locations on chromosomes in the cell nucleus, and are chemically double-helical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The characteristics of each gene are determined by the genetic information in the sequence of four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Therefore, if one of these bases is replaced by another base due to a mutation, the type of amino acid translated from the genetic information of this DNA changes, and a protein with a different function is synthesized. There are also mutations in which one or several bases are deleted or inserted in the genetic DNA, and when this is transcribed into mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) and translated into amino acids, the genetic code frame shifts by three bases, and it is translated into many different amino acids, and proteins with different functions are synthesized. Such mutations at the gene level are also called point mutations. In contrast, there are also mutations in which a part of a chromosome is deleted, duplicated, broken and rejoined in the opposite direction (inversion), moved to another chromosome (translocation), or even changed the number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), which are called chromosomal mutations.

[Kuroda Yukiaki]

"Heredity and Mutation," edited by Ashida Joji et al. (1958, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Environmental Mutagen Experimental Methods," edited by Tajima Yataro et al. (1980, Kodansha)""Human Genetics," by G. Edlin, supervised translation by Shimizu Nobuyoshi, translated by Ito Fumiaki et al. (1992, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)""Genetics of Animal Populations," by Nozawa Ken (1994, Nagoya University Press)""The Mechanism of Heredity," edited by Ota Jiro et al. (1995, Asakura Shoten)""Thus Spoke DNA: An Introduction to Molecular Biology," by Nakahara Hideomi et al. (1995, PHP Institute)" ▽ "Genetics for the 21st Century 2: Molecular Genetics," edited by Miura Kin'ichiro (1997, Shokabo)" ▽ "Basic Course in Biotechnology: Molecular Genetics," edited by Momose Haruo (1997, Maruzen)""Super Illustrated: An Eye-Opening Introduction to Genetics and DNA Science - From Darwin to Gene Therapy" by Steve Jones, illustrated by Bolin Van Loon, translated by Daisuke Yamamoto (Kodansha, 2003)

[References] | adenine | amino acid | genetic code | gene | genetic information | guanine | cytosine | chromosome | protein | thymine | DNA | mutation | messenger RNA | ribonucleic acid

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物のもつ遺伝子の変化によっておこった遺伝的変異をいう。点突然変異point mutationともいう。染色体の構造や数の変化によっておこった染色体突然変異chromosome mutationに対することばである。

 遺伝子は、細胞核中に存在する染色体上のあるきまった場所に存在し、化学的には、二重螺旋(らせん)構造をしたDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)である。DNAはアデニン(A)、グアニン(G)、シトシン(C)、チミン(T)の4種の塩基の配列順序による遺伝情報によって、各遺伝子の特性が決められている。したがってこれらの塩基の1個が突然変異によって、他の塩基に置換されると、このDNAの遺伝情報から翻訳されるアミノ酸の種類が変化し、異なった機能をもつタンパク質が合成される。遺伝子突然変異にはこのほか、遺伝子DNAの1個または数個の塩基が欠失したり、挿入されたりしてこれがmRNA(メッセンジャー・リボ核酸)に転写され、アミノ酸に翻訳されるとき、遺伝暗号の3塩基ずつ枠が移動して、多数の異なったアミノ酸に翻訳され、機能の異なったタンパク質が合成される変異もある。このような遺伝子レベルの突然変異を点突然変異ともいう。これに対して、染色体のある一部分が欠失したり、重複したり、切断して方向が逆になって再結合したり(逆位)、他の染色体に移ったり(転座)、さらには染色体の数が変わったり(異数性)する変異もあり、これを染色体突然変異という。

[黒田行昭]

『芦田譲治他編『遺伝と変異』(1958・共立出版)』『田島弥太郎他編『環境変異原実験法』(1980・講談社)』『G・エドリン著、清水信義監訳、伊藤文昭他訳『ヒトの遺伝学』(1992・東京化学同人)』『野沢謙著『動物集団の遺伝学』(1994・名古屋大学出版会)』『太田次郎他編『遺伝のしくみ』(1995・朝倉書店)』『中原英臣他著『DNAかく語りき――分子生物学入門』(1995・PHP研究所)』『三浦謹一郎編『21世紀への遺伝学2 分子遺伝学』(1997・裳華房)』『百瀬春生編『生物工学基礎コース 分子遺伝学』(1997・丸善)』『スティーヴ・ジョーンズ著、ボリン・ヴァン・ルーン画、山元大輔訳『超図説 目からウロコの遺伝・DNA学入門――ダーウィンから遺伝子治療まで』(2003・講談社)』

[参照項目] | アデニン | アミノ酸 | 遺伝暗号 | 遺伝子 | 遺伝情報 | グアニン | シトシン | 染色体 | タンパク質 | チミン | DNA | 突然変異 | メッセンジャーRNA | リボ核酸

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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