All markets in an economy are in equilibrium simultaneously. In other words, it refers to a state in which the prices and quantities of all goods and services at a given time do not change. This theory was developed by L. Walras and further developed by J. Hicks, P. Samuelson, G. Debreu, and others. The demand and supply of each good is thought to depend not only on the price of that good, but also on the prices of all other goods. The demand function is derived as a function of the prices of all goods from the utility-maximizing behavior of consumer agents. The supply function is derived as a function of the prices of all goods from the profit-maximizing behavior of producer agents. In the market, the prices of goods are adjusted so that the supply and demand of all goods are equal, and the general equilibrium price is determined when they are equal. In contrast, partial equilibrium considers supply and demand equilibrium limited to the good in question, under the condition that other factors are equal. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
経済におけるすべての市場が同時的に均衡していること。つまりある時点でのすべての財・サービスの価格と数量が変化しない状態を指す。この理論は,L.ワルラスによって展開され,J.ヒックス,P.サミュエルソン,G.ドブリューらによって発展がなされた。各財の需要と供給は,その財の価格のみならず,他のすべての財の価格に依存すると考えられる。需要関数は,消費主体の効用最大化行動からすべての財の価格の関数として導かれる。供給関数は,生産主体の利潤最大化行動からすべての財の価格の関数として導出される。市場において,すべての財の需給が一致するよう財の価格が調節され,一致したところで一般均衡価格が決定される。これに対して部分均衡は,他の事情において等しいという条件のもとで,当該の財に限定して需給均衡を考える。
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