It has long been known that geosynclinal deposits contain mafic to ultramafic igneous rocks such as basalt, peridotite, and serpentinite. Ophiolite is a general term for the rocks that occur in these places, and was first used by Brongniart in the early 19th century to refer to serpentinite [Brongniart: 1813]. The Greek word opi means snake. However, it was later used as a vague field rock name for miscellaneous rocks that appear in association with serpentinite, and further by Steinmann, who used it to refer to the combination of mafic to ultramafic igneous rocks formed by geosynclinal volcanic activity, in which ultramafic and basic rocks are associated with pillow lava and chert [Steinmann: 1906]. Gradually, it was emphasized that rocks mainly composed of serpentinite and peridotite were also related to chert, and the term came to be used to describe rock groups mainly composed of basalt and gabbro. The combination of serpentinite, basaltic pillow lava, spilite, and chert is called Steinmann's trinity [Hess: 1955]. At that time, ultramafic magma and mafic magma were thought to be completely separate entities. In their ocean-floor spreading theory, Hess and Dietz believed that ophiolites were formed when fragments of the ocean floor were pushed into geosynclinal deposits [Hess: 1962, Dietz: 1963]. Ophiolites are important for understanding the history of plate tectonics. The igneous rocks they contain are, from bottom to top, peridotite, gabbro, composite diabase sheets, and pillow lava [Geotimes: 1972, Coleman: 1977]. Most ophiolites have undergone various secondary changes (alteration or metamorphism). K 2 O is easily mobile, which is thought to be why there is little K 2 O in them. The origin of ophiolites is thought to be due to volcanic activity occurring at the same time as sedimentation of the geosyncline, and the intrusion of magma into the sediments. The magma is basaltic to spirite, but differentiation leads to the formation of felsic and early peridotites. In this situation, Hess believed that peridotite and serpentinite are unrelated to basaltic magma, and that they rose independently from the mantle as ultramafic materials. According to Hess, this period was not the period of sedimentation of the geosyncline, but the period when the orogenic belt was deformed by the first large-scale tectonic movement. In this case, the second and subsequent intrusions of ultramafic rocks are not accompanied. Source: Asakura Publishing Dictionary of Petrology Information |
地向斜堆積物には玄武岩,橄欖(かんらん)岩,蛇紋岩などのマフィックから超マフィックの火成岩が多いことは古くから知られていた.オフィオライトはこのような所に産出する岩石群を一括して呼ぶ名称であるが,ブロニアールは19世紀初期に蛇紋岩に対して最初に使用した[Brongniart : 1813].opiというギリシャ語は蛇の意味である.しかしその後,蛇紋岩に伴って出現する雑多な岩石に対する野外の漠然とした岩石名として使用され,さらにスタインマンは地向斜期の火成活動でできたマフィックから超マフィックの火成岩群で,超塩基性および塩基性岩石が枕状熔岩やチャートと伴う組合せに使用した[Steinmann : 1906].次第に蛇紋岩や橄欖岩を主としたものはチャートとも関係のあることが強調され,さらに玄武岩や斑糲(はんれい)岩を主とする岩石群についても使用されるようになった.蛇紋岩,玄武岩質枕状熔岩,スピライト,チャートなどの組合せはスタインマンの三つ組(Steinmann's trinity)と呼ばれる[Hess : 1955].この頃は超マフィック・マグマとマフィック・マグマは全く別であると考えられていた. ヘスやディーツはその海洋底拡大説で,オフィオライトは大洋底の破片が地向斜堆積物の中に押し込まれたものと考えた[Hess : 1962, Dietz : 1963].プレートテクトニクスの歴史を知る上でオフィオライトは重要である.含まれる火成岩類は下から上に順に橄欖岩,斑糲岩,輝緑岩の複合岩床,枕状熔岩となる[Geotimes : 1972, Coleman : 1977].オフィオライトの大部分は,様々な二次的変化(変質または変成作用)を受けている.K2Oは移動しやすく,K2Oが少ないことはこのためと考えられる.オフィオライトの起源としては地向斜の堆積作用と同じ時期に起きる火山活動や,堆積物の中へのマグマの貫入によるもので,マグマは玄武岩質からスピライト質であるが,分化によって珪長質なものから,早期の橄欖岩も形成される.ヘスはこのような状況の中で,橄欖岩や蛇紋岩は玄武岩質なマグマとは無関係であって,独立に超マフィックな物質としてマントルから上昇貫入したものと考えた.ヘスによればその時期も地向斜の堆積時期ではなく,造山帯が最初の大規模な構造運動を受けて変形する時期である.この際二回目以降は超マフィック岩の貫入を伴わない. 出典 朝倉書店岩石学辞典について 情報 |
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