Igneous deposit - Kasei Koushou (English spelling)

Japanese: 火成鉱床 - かせいこうしょう(英語表記)igneous deposit
Igneous deposit - Kasei Koushou (English spelling)

A deposit formed by magmatic activity (igneous action), also known as a magmatic deposit. Along with sedimentary deposits and metamorphic deposits, it is one of the three major categories of deposits based on their origin. Magma generated in the upper mantle or lower crust intrudes into the upper crust, and some of it erupts onto the surface. During this time, it cools and crystallizes into various minerals, releasing heat, water, gas, etc. into the surrounding area. Igneous deposits are formed when useful elements and minerals are concentrated as a result of this magmatic activity. Igneous deposits are broadly divided into orthomagmatic deposits and hydrothermal deposits, but there is also a type with intermediate properties called pegmatite deposits.

Orthomagmatic deposits are formed when minerals containing useful metals crystallize directly from magma. Representative examples include deposits of titanium and chromium formed when ilmenite, chromite, etc. crystallize from normal magma (silicate melt) and these are deposited and aggregated, and deposits of nickel, platinum, and rare earth elements formed when magma with a special composition (such as sulfide melt, oxide melt, carbonate melt, etc.) solidifies.

Ordinary magma contains a few percent (by weight) of dissolved volatile substances (mainly water and halogen gases), but igneous rocks, which are formed when magma solidifies, cannot contain many volatile substances. For this reason, large amounts of volatile substances and heat are released during the solidification process. The released substances become a fluid (called hydrothermal fluid) mainly consisting of water, which dissolves various metals and nonmetals, and as it cools, various minerals precipitate and concentrate. This is called a hydrothermal deposit, and a variety of deposits such as tin, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, zinc, lead, iron, gold, silver, manganese, antimony, mercury, uranium, and fluorite (a raw material for smelting) are formed by this process.

Research into oxygen and hydrogen isotopes has shown that hydrothermal fluids are not always emitted from magma, but can also be generated when surface water that has penetrated the upper crust is heated by magma. The generation of hydrothermal fluids originating from surface water is also an important geological phenomenon related to magma activity, and mineral deposits generated by such hydrothermal fluids can also be considered igneous deposits.

[Hidehiko Shimazaki]

[References] | Igneous rocks | Igneous action | Ore deposits | Orthomagmatic deposits | Sedimentary deposits | Hydrothermal deposits | Pegmatite deposits | Metamorphic deposits | Magma

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マグマの活動(火成作用)によって生成される鉱床で、マグマ鉱床ともいう。堆積(たいせき)鉱床、変成鉱床と並んで、成因により鉱床を三大別したうちの一つにあたる。マントル上部あるいは地殻下部で発生したマグマは、地殻上部に貫入し一部は地表に噴出する。この間に冷却してさまざまな鉱物を晶出し、熱や水、ガスなどを周囲へ放出する。このようなマグマの活動により、有用な元素や鉱物が濃集したものが火成鉱床である。火成鉱床は正マグマ性鉱床と熱水鉱床に大別されるが、ペグマタイト鉱床というこの中間の性質をもつタイプも存在する。

 正マグマ性鉱床は、有用な金属を含む鉱物がマグマから直接晶出してできる鉱床である。通常のマグマ(ケイ酸塩溶融体)からチタン鉄鉱、クロム鉄鉱などが晶出し、これらが沈積、集合してできるチタンやクロムなどの鉱床と、特殊な組成をもつマグマ(たとえば硫化物溶融体・酸化物溶融体・炭酸塩溶融体など)が固結してできるニッケル、白金、希土類元素の鉱床などが代表例である。

 通常のマグマは、多いときには数(重量)%程度の揮発性物質(おもに水やハロゲンガス)を溶解しているが、マグマが固結してできる火成岩はあまり揮発性物質を含むことができない。このため、固結の過程では大量の揮発性物質と熱が放出される。放出された物質は水を主とした流体(熱水とよばれる)となり、種々の金属や非金属を溶解し、冷却するにしたがってさまざまな鉱物を沈殿、濃集する。これが熱水鉱床で、錫(すず)、タングステン、モリブデン、銅、亜鉛、鉛、鉄、金、銀、マンガン、アンチモン、水銀、ウラン、蛍石(ほたるいし)(精錬原料)などの多様な鉱床がこの作用により形成される。

 酸素や水素の同位体の研究から、熱水はかならずしもマグマから放出されるものばかりではなく、地殻上部に入り込んだ地表水などがマグマにより温められ、熱水となるものがあることが知られている。地表水を起源とした熱水の発生も、マグマ活動に関係した重要な地質現象であり、このような熱水により生成される鉱床も火成鉱床とみなしうる。

[島崎英彦]

[参照項目] | 火成岩 | 火成作用 | 鉱床 | 正マグマ性鉱床 | 堆積鉱床 | 熱水鉱床 | ペグマタイト鉱床 | 変成鉱床 | マグマ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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