When a certain amount is set and tax is imposed when it exceeds that amount, that amount is called the minimum taxable amount. The minimum taxable amount is the most problematic in the case of income tax. In Japan's current income tax, after calculating the amount of income under the tax law, further deductions such as basic deduction, spouse deduction, and dependent deduction are made, and the remaining income is taxed as taxable income and the tax rate is applied. In other words, the portion of income equivalent to these deduction amounts is not taxed, so the total of these deduction amounts forms the minimum taxable income for income tax. Sometimes the social insurance deduction is also added to define the minimum taxable income. The reason for the basic deduction system in income tax is to exclude minimum living expenses from taxation. In addition, in commodity tax, a certain amount is set for daily necessities or similar items, and items below that amount are not taxed, and this amount is called the minimum taxable amount. However, commodity tax has a tax exemption point system, and if the amount exceeds that amount, the amount below the tax exemption point is also taxed, which is different from the minimum taxable income system of income tax and other taxes. When making international comparisons of tax burdens, one aspect that should be paid attention to along with tax rates is the minimum taxable income. [Masatoshi Hayashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある一定の額を定めてそれを上回った場合に課税するときに、その額を課税最低限という。課税最低限がもっとも問題となるのは所得税においてである。わが国の現行所得税では、税法上の所得額を算出したあと、さらに基礎控除、配偶者控除、扶養控除などの控除を行って残った所得が課税所得として税率の適用を受ける。別の言い方をすれば、これらの控除額に相当する所得の部分については税金がかからないことになるから、これらの控除額の合計が所得税における課税最低限を形成する。社会保険料控除も加えて課税最低所得として定義することもある。このように所得税で基礎控除の制度をとっているのは、最低生活費を課税の対象外とするためである。また、物品税では、日用品またはそれに近い物についてはある一定金額を定め、その金額より低い物品については課税しないことにしており、この金額を課税最低限とよんでいる。しかし、物品税では免税点制度をとっていて、その金額を超えれば、免税点以下の部分の金額についても課税される点で所得税などの課税最低限の制度とは異なっている。租税負担に関する国際比較などで、税率とともに注意を払うべき一つの側面が課税最低限である。 [林 正寿] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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