The number of generations that insects undergo in a year is determined by each species. This property is called volatility. There are mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-volatility depending on the number of generations in a year, and tri- or more is called multi-volatility. The type of volatility that a certain species of insect will show is basically determined by the genetic traits of the species. Insects with few generations per year, such as uni- and bi-volatility, respond to environmental factors (especially day length and temperature) and show a phenomenon of long-term hibernation at any of the developmental stages of egg, larva, pupa, or adult. Insects regulate the length of a generation and the time of emergence by this remarkable phenomenon of environmental adaptation. In particular, the expression of genetic traits that control diapause, which is seen in uni-volatility insects, is strong, and they always give birth to the next generation that is hibernating, so they do not change to another volatility. In bi-volatility insects, the genetic control of diapause is loose, and they can potentially become multi-volatility, but because their development is restricted by environmental factors in the distribution area of the species, they are bi-volatility that occurs twice a year. In the subtropics and tropics, where temperatures are high throughout the year and day length changes little, there are many multivoltine insects that completely lack diapause. Silkworms, a farmed insect, also come in a variety of voltinism varieties. Univoltine silkworm moths always lay diapause eggs (called black eggs), so there is one generation per year. Multivoltine silkworm moths always lay non-diapause eggs (called nama-dane). In bivoltine moths, the first generation, which develop from spring to early summer, lays non-diapause eggs, and the second generation, which develop from summer to autumn, lays diapause eggs, so there are two generations per year. The artificial incubation method, in which diapause eggs of univoltine and bivoltine silkworms are treated with hydrochloric acid to awaken them from diapause, is widely used in the sericulture industry as a practical use of diapause eggs. [Nobuaki Agioin] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
昆虫が1年間に何回世代を繰り返すかは種によってそれぞれ定まっている。その性質を化性という。化性は1年間の世代回数によって、それぞれ一、二、三、四化性があり、三化性以上のものは多化性ともいう。ある種の昆虫がどんな化性を示すかは、基本的にはその種の遺伝的形質によって決まっている。一化性、二化性昆虫のように年間世代数の少ないものは、環境要因(とくに日長、温度など)に反応し、卵、幼虫、蛹(さなぎ)、成虫のいずれかの発育段階で長期間の休眠現象を示す。昆虫はこの顕著な環境適応現象により、1世代の長さや発生時期を調節している。とくに一化性昆虫にみられる休眠支配の遺伝形質の発現は強く、かならず休眠する次世代を産するため、ほかの化性に変わることはない。二化性昆虫では休眠の遺伝的支配は緩く、潜在的には多化性にもなりうるが、その種の分布域の環境要因に発育が制約されるため、年2回発生する二化性となっている。年間を通じて高温で日長変化の少ない亜熱帯から熱帯にかけては、休眠性を完全に欠いた多化性昆虫が多く分布している。 飼育昆虫のカイコでもいろいろの化性の品種がある。一化性カイコガはかならず休眠卵(クロダネとよばれる)を産むので年1世代となる。多化性カイコガはかならず非休眠卵(ナマダネとよばれる)を産む。二化性のガでは、春から初夏にかけて発育した第1世代は非休眠卵を産み、夏から秋にかけて発育した第2世代が休眠卵を産むので、年2世代となる。一化性、二化性のカイコの休眠卵に塩酸処理をして休眠を覚醒(かくせい)する人工孵化(ふか)法は、休眠卵の実用的利用法として養蚕分野では広く行われている。 [安居院宣昭] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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