Household - Kakei (English spelling) household

Japanese: 家計 - かけい(英語表記)household
Household - Kakei (English spelling) household

Along with companies and governments, households are economic entities that make up the national economy. They also refer to the management of income and expenditure required for household life. Trends in household finances are shown in the National Economic Accounts (Cabinet Office), the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, and the Household Consumption Survey (Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications).

According to the Basic Resident Register (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications), as of January 1, 2020 (Reiwa 2), there were 59,071,519 households, with each household having 2.15 people.

The savings rate is one of the most notable statistics on household finances, but on a national economic accounts basis, it has been declining since the 1990s, turning negative in fiscal 2013. On the other hand, on a household income and expenditure survey basis, it has remained flat since the 1990s. The differences in the trends between the two are (1) differences in definitions and concepts, and (2) the scope of households covered. At first glance, the two definitions seem similar. In the national economic accounts, savings is calculated by subtracting final consumption expenditure from the sum of disposable income and the fluctuation adjustment of pension entitlements. The savings rate is the ratio of savings to the sum of disposable income and the fluctuation adjustment of pension entitlements. In the household income and expenditure survey, it is calculated as the ratio of the amount obtained by subtracting consumption expenditure from disposable income (surplus) to disposable income (called the surplus rate). However, there are differences in that, for example, the amount of mortgage repayments is not included in the amount of savings in the national economic accounts, but is included in the surplus in the household income and expenditure survey (called the amount of land and house loan repayments).

Regarding the scope of households covered, the National Accounts covers all households, whereas the surplus rate based on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey is often only covered by "working households among two or more people." The Family Income and Expenditure Survey also publishes the savings rate of elderly unemployed households separately, but the savings rate is negative. In other words, these households have consumption expenditures that exceed their disposable income, and are dipping into their savings. In other words, the increasing proportion of elderly unemployed households among all households as the population ages is thought to be the cause of the difference in the trends in the savings rate between the National Accounts and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey.

[Nobuo Iizuka September 17, 2020]

[Reference items] | Household consumption survey | Household survey | National economic accounts | Savings

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

企業や政府と並んで、国民経済を構成する経済主体。家庭生活を営むための収入、支出の運営そのものもさす。家計の動向については、国民経済計算(内閣府)、家計調査および家計消費状況調査(総務省統計局)によって示されている。

 住民基本台帳(総務省)によれば、2020年(令和2)1月1日時点では、5907万1519世帯が存在しており、1世帯当りの構成人員は2.15人である。

 家計に関する統計で注目度が高いのは貯蓄率であるが、国民経済計算ベースでは1990年代以降、下落傾向にあり、2013年度にはマイナスに転じた。一方、家計調査ベースでは1990年代以降も横ばいで推移している。両者の動きの違いを生んでいるのは、(1)定義、概念の違い、(2)カバーしている家計の範囲、である。定義に関して両者は一見似ている。国民経済計算は可処分所得と年金受給権の変動調整の合計から最終消費支出を引いたものを貯蓄額としている。そして、可処分所得と年金受給権の変動調整の合計に対する貯蓄の割合を貯蓄率としている。家計調査では可処分所得から消費支出を差し引いた額(黒字)の可処分所得に対する割合で求めている(黒字率とよばれる)。ただし、たとえば、住宅ローンの返済額は国民経済計算では貯蓄額に含まれないが、家計調査では黒字額に含まれている(土地家屋借入金返済額とよばれる)という違いがある。

 カバーしている家計の範囲に関しては、国民経済計算は全世帯を対象にしているのに対し、家計調査ベースでの黒字率としてよく取り上げられるのは「2人以上の世帯のうち勤労者世帯」のみを対象としているという違いがある。なお、家計調査では高齢者無職世帯の貯蓄率も別途公表されているが、貯蓄率はマイナスとなっている。つまり、この世帯では消費支出が可処分所得を上回り、貯蓄を取り崩しているのである。すなわち、高齢化が進むなかで、全世帯に占める高齢者無職世帯の比率が高まっていることが、国民経済計算と家計調査の貯蓄率の動きの違いを生んでいると考えられる。

[飯塚信夫 2020年9月17日]

[参照項目] | 家計消費状況調査 | 家計調査 | 国民経済計算 | 貯蓄

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