Castro, Fidel

Japanese: カストロ（英語表記）Castro, Fidel

Born: August 13, 1926, near Biran
[Died]2016.11.25.
Cuban politician. Full name Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. Illegitimate son of a wealthy sugar plantation owner. After entering the law school of the University of Havana in 1945, he engaged in anti-government activities as a student movement leader. In 1947, he participated in an expedition to overthrow the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina in the Dominican Republic. After graduating from the University of Havana in 1950, he became a lawyer and ran for congress as a member of the Cuban People's Party in 1952, but the election was postponed indefinitely due to a coup by Fulgencio Batista y Saldívar. On July 26, 1953, he attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, but failed, and was sentenced to prison along with his younger brother Raul Castro. He was released under a special amnesty in 1955, organized a rebel army in exile in Mexico, and arrived in Cuba in December 1956. After two years of guerilla activities in the Sierra Maestra, he overthrew the Batista regime on January 1, 1959 (→ Cuban Revolution). In February 1959, he became Prime Minister, and from then on, as the de facto supreme leader of the revolutionary government, he led the construction of a socialist state in Cuba. He established a one-party system and dictatorially controlled various aspects of Cuba, including politics, economy, and culture. He also expanded social programs in areas such as health, education, and employment, but the Cuban economy did not achieve significant growth. After the first Communist Party of Cuba congress in 1975, he became First Secretary of the party, and in 1976, he became President of the Council of State (head of state) and President of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) under the new constitution. From 1975 to 1989, he supported the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola during the Angolan civil war, and emerged as a leader of the Third World and non-aligned countries, serving as President of the Conference of Non-Aligned Countries from 1979 to 1982. In February 2008, he retired as President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, and in 2011 he retired as First Secretary of the Communist Party, both of which were succeeded by his younger brother Raul. (→ Cuban History)

Castro
Castro, Raul

Born June 3, 1931. Holguin. Cuban politician. President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers (in office from 2006 to 2008 (acting), 2008 to 2018). Full name Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz. Younger brother of Fidel Castro. Participated in the Moncada Barracks attack with his brother Fidel in 1953, which sparked the Cuban Revolution. Played important roles in the revolutionary war and the post-revolutionary government. In 1959, he was appointed Minister of the Revolutionary Military Affairs, and in 1976, he was appointed First Vice-President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers. He was the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and Minister of the Revolutionary Military Affairs, second only to his brother Fidel, and assisted him. In July 2006, when his brother Fidel fell ill, he was temporarily handed over all power to him and was in charge of national affairs, but in February 2008, when his brother announced his retirement, he was officially appointed President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers. He also formally took over as First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2011. Since taking office, he has undertaken various reforms, including the abolition of wage restrictions, the reduction of government employees, and the abolition of travel restrictions in domestic affairs, the adoption of a market economy, and the privatization of state-run enterprises. In foreign affairs, he has worked to improve relations with the United States, and after negotiations with President Barack Obama, diplomatic relations with the United States were restored in July 2015 for the first time in 54 years. In 2018, he handed over the position of head of state to Miguel Díaz-Canel, whom he had designated as his successor.

Castro
Castro, Cipriano

Born October 12, 1858 in Pacho, Venezuela
Died: December 4, 1924. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Venezuelan politician and dictator. President (in office 1901-08). In 1899, he led the people of the Andean mountain region to occupy Caracas and seize power, but because of his policy of oppressing foreign capital, the navies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy blockaded the port in 1902-03. The United States responded by strongly demanding that the three countries withdraw, which led to a conflict between imperialist powers over control of the Caribbean Sea, known as the "Venezuelan Crisis." The incident was resolved in 1904, but he lost support both at home and abroad, and in 1908, while on a trip to Europe for health reasons, he was seized by his confidant Juan Vicente Gómez.

Castro
Castro, Jose Maria Ferreira de

Born: May 24, 1898, Salgueiros
[Died] June 29, 1974. Portuguese novelist. Orphaned at the age of eight, he moved to Belém, Brazil, at the age of 11 with the help of a friend. He worked in the Paraço rubber plantation on the Madeira River and gained important experience as a writer. He returned to Portugal in 1919 and founded the magazine A Hora (Time) (1922). He was editor of the magazines Century and ABC, and chief editor of the magazines Civilisation and others. His representative works include Emigrantes (28), A Selva (30), Wool and Snow (47), and A Missão (54).

Castro
Castro, Eugénio de

Born: May 24, 1869 in Coimbra
Died: August 17, 1944. Coimbra. Portuguese poet. After graduating from the University of Lisbon, he aspired to become a diplomat and worked at the embassy in Vienna, but soon left and went to Paris, where he became friends with Verlaine and other Symbolist poets. He returned to Portugal in 1889 and introduced Symbolism to Portugal. In 1914, he was appointed professor at the University of Coimbra, where he taught French literature. His representative works include Oaristos (1890), Sagramor (95), and Salomé (96).

Castro
Castro, America

Born: 1885 in Rio de Janeiro
[Died] July 25, 1972.
Spanish linguist and critic. He studied under R. Menéndez Pidal and taught at universities in Madrid and Princeton. His major work is España en su historia (1948), which points out the importance of Arab and Jewish elements in the formation of Spanish literature. His other works include El pensamiento de Cervantes (25).

Castro
Castro, João de

Born: February 7, 1500, Lisbon
[Died] June 6, 1548. Goa Portuguese military officer and viceroy of India. In 1538, he traveled to India with the viceroy Garcia de Noronha, and during the voyage he wrote the Roteiros (Book of the Voyage from Lisbon to Goa) and became one of the pioneers of oceanographic research. He returned to the Philippines in 1542 and was appointed Viceroy of India by King John III the Pious in 1545. He lifted the siege of Diu by the Moors. Due to his military achievements, he was appointed Viceroy of India just before his death.

Castro
Castro, Juan José

Born: March 7, 1895, Buenos Aires
[Died] September 3, 1968. Buenos Aires. Argentine conductor and composer. After studying in his hometown, he studied composition in Paris. He served as music director at the Teatro Colon, and also conducted the Buenos Aires Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic. He raised Argentine music to an international level. In 1951, he won the Verdi Prize as an opera composer.

Castro
Castro, Rosalia de

Born: February 1837, Santiago de Compostela
[Died] July 15, 1885. A female poet from Padrón, Spain. Her representative works include Cantares gallegos (1863), a lyric work written in the dialect of her hometown, and En las orillas del Sar (1884), which predicted the emergence of the "Modernist" movement.

Castro
Castro, Inês de

[raw]?
[Died] January 7, 1355. She was a maid to Constanza, the daughter of a Spanish nobleman who married Dom Pedro (later Pedro I the Strict), the Portuguese prince of Coimbra. She was executed by King Afonso IV for her tragic love affair with the prince. She is often featured in Portuguese literature as the heroine of tragic love stories.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1926.8.13. ビラン近郊
[没]2016.11.25.
キューバの政治家。フルネーム Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz。富裕なサトウキビ農園主の非嫡出子。1945年ハバナ大学法学部に入学後，学生運動の指導者として反政府活動を行なった。1947年ドミニカ共和国のラファエル・レオニダス・トルヒーヨ・モリナ独裁体制打倒を目指す遠征に参加。1950年ハバナ大学卒業後弁護士となり，1952年キューバ人民党から国会議員に立候補したが，フルヘンシオ・バティスタ・イ・サルディバルによるクーデターで選挙は無期延期になった。1953年7月26日サンチアゴデクーバのモンカダ兵営を襲撃したが失敗，実弟ラウル・カストロとともに懲役刑に処せられた。1955年特赦で釈放され，亡命先のメキシコで反乱軍を組織し，1956年12月にキューバ上陸。マエストラ山脈での 2年間のゲリラ活動ののち，1959年1月1日バティスタ政権を打倒した（→キューバ革命）。同 1959年2月首相に就任，以後革命政府の実質的最高指導者としてキューバの社会主義国家建設を指導。一党体制を築き，キューバの政治，経済，文化など諸側面を独裁的に支配した。また医療，教育，雇用などの分野で社会事業を拡大したが，キューバ経済は大幅な成長を遂げることはできなかった。1975年キューバ共産党の第1回党大会以後同党第一書記となり，1976年新憲法により国家評議会議長（国家元首）兼閣僚評議会議長（首相）に就任。1975～89年にはアンゴラ内戦でアンゴラ解放人民運動を支援するなど，第三世界や非同盟諸国のリーダーとして頭角を現し，1979～82年非同盟諸国会議議長を務めた。2008年2月に国家評議会議長兼閣僚評議会議長を，2011年に共産党第一書記を退任し，ともに弟ラウルが後継した。（→キューバ史）

カストロ
Castro, Raúl

[生]1931.6.3. オルギン
キューバの政治家。国家評議会議長兼閣僚評議会議長（在任 2006～08［代行］，2008～18）。フルネーム Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz。フィデル・カストロの実弟。1953年キューバ革命の口火となったモンカダ兵営襲撃に兄フィデルとともに参加。革命戦争，革命後の政府で重要な役割を果たしてきた。1959年革命軍事大臣就任などを経て，1976年国家評議会第1副議長兼閣僚評議会第1副議長に就任。キューバ共産党中央委員会第2書記，および革命軍事大臣として兄フィデルに次ぐ地位を占め，兄を補佐した。2006年7月病床についた兄フィデルにすべての権力を暫定的に委譲されて国政を担っていたが，2008年2月兄が退任を表明したため，正式に国家評議会議長兼閣僚評議会議長に就任した。また 2011年には共産党第1書記の座も正式に引き継いだ。就任後はさまざまな改革に取り組み，内政面では賃金制限の撤廃，政府職員の縮小，旅行制限の撤廃などを実施，市場経済を取り入れて，国営企業の民営化も行なった。外交面ではアメリカ合衆国との関係改善に取り組み，バラク・オバマ大統領との交渉を経て，2015年7月，54年ぶりにアメリカとの国交を回復した。2018年，後継者として指名していたミゲル・ディアス＝カネルに国家元首の座を引き継いだ。

カストロ
Castro, Cipriano

[生]1858.10.12. ベネズエラ，パチョ
[没]1924.12.4. プエルトリコ，サンフアン
ベネズエラの政治家，独裁者。大統領（在任 1901～08）。1899年アンデス山岳地方の住民を率いてカラカスを占領し権力を握ったが，外国資本圧迫政策をとったため，1902～03年にはイギリス，ドイツ，イタリア 3国海軍による港湾封鎖を受けた。これに対してアメリカ合衆国は 3国に強硬な撤退要求を行ない，カリブ海の支配権をめぐる帝国主義勢力の対立，いわゆる「ベネズエラ危機」へ発展した。1904年事件は解決したが内外の支持を失い，また健康上の理由もあってヨーロッパへ外遊中，1908年腹心のフアン・ビセンテ・ゴメスに権力を奪われた。

カストロ
Castro， José Maria Ferreira de

[生]1898.5.24. サルゲイロス
[没]1974.6.29. ポルト
ポルトガルの小説家。8歳で孤児となり，11歳の頃友人を頼ってブラジルのベレンに移住。マデイラ河岸のパラソ・ゴム園で働き，作家として重要な経験を積む。 1919年ポルトガルに戻り，雑誌『時』A Horaを創刊 (1922) 。『世紀』と『ABC』誌の編集者，『文明』誌などの主幹をつとめた。代表作『移民』 Emigrantes (28) ，『密林』A Selva (30) ，『羊毛と雪』A Lã e a Neve (47) ，『使命』A Missão (54) 。

カストロ
Castro， Eugénio de

[生]1869.5.24. コインブラ
[没]1944.8.17. コインブラ
ポルトガルの詩人。リスボン大学を卒業後，外交官を志し，ウィーンの大使館に勤務したが，まもなくやめてパリにおもむき，そこでベルレーヌをはじめとする象徴派詩人たちと交友。 1889年帰国，ポルトガルに象徴主義を紹介した。 1914年コインブラ大学教授に任じられ，フランス文学を講じた。代表作『夫婦の対話』 Oaristos (1890) ，『サグラモール』 Sagramor (95) ，『サロメ』 Salomé (96) 。

カストロ
Castro， Américo

[生]1885. リオデジャネイロ
[没]1972.7.25.
スペインの言語学者，批評家。 R.メネンデス・ピダルに師事し，マドリード，プリンストンなどの大学で教壇に立つ。主著はスペイン文学の形成に果したアラブおよびユダヤ的要素の重要性を指摘した『歴史のなかのスペイン』 España en su historia (1948) 。ほかに『セルバンテスの思想』 El pensamiento de Cervantes (25) など。

カストロ
Castro， João de

[生]1500.2.7. リスボン
[没]1548.6.6. ゴア
ポルトガルの軍人，インド副王。 1538年インド副王ガルシア・デ・ノロニャとともにインドに渡り，その航海中に『リスボン・ゴア航海誌』 Roteirosを著わし，海洋学研究の先駆者の一人となった。 42年帰国，45年ジョアン3世 (敬虔王) からインド総督に任命され，ムーア人によるディユの包囲を解除した。その武勲により死の直前インド副王に任命された。

カストロ
Castro， Juan José

[生]1895.3.7. ブエノスアイレス
[没]1968.9.3. ブエノスアイレス
アルゼンチンの指揮者，作曲家。生地で学んだのち，パリで作曲を学ぶ。コロン歌劇場で音楽監督をつとめたほか，ブエノスアイレスの交響楽団，ニューヨーク・フィルハーモニックを指揮。アルゼンチン音楽を国際的水準に高めた。 1951年歌劇作曲家としてベルディ賞受賞。

カストロ
Castro， Rosalía de

[生]1837.2. サンチアゴデコンポステラ
[没]1885.7.15. パドロン
スペインの女流詩人。生地の方言を用いた抒情豊かな『ガリシアの歌』 Cantares gallegos (1863) や，「近代派」の出現を予告した『サル河畔にて』 En las orillas del Sar (84) が代表作。