Karl Johann Kautsky

Japanese: カウツキー - かうつきー(英語表記)Karl Johann Kautsky
Karl Johann Kautsky

A theoretical leader of German Social Democracy representing the Second International era. Born in Prague on October 16th. Studied history at the University of Vienna, and joined the Austrian Social Democratic Party while still a student. Initially he was strongly influenced by Darwinism, but after meeting Bernstein around 1879, he became an ardent Marxist under his influence, and in 1881 he visited Marx and Engels in London. In 1883, he founded and edited Neue Zeit , which later became the theoretical organ of the German Social Democratic Party. In 1885, he moved to London to avoid persecution, and continued to edit the magazine under the patronage of Engels. At the Erfurt Congress of the German Social Democratic Party in 1891, after the repeal of the Anti-Socialist Law, he was one of the drafters of the Erfurt Program, establishing his position as a theoretical leader. In the mid-1890s, he countered the revisionism of Bernstein and others that had emerged within the party with works such as "The Agrarian Question" (1899) and "Bernstein and the Programme of Social Democracy" (1899), and thus strengthened his authority as a theorist representing the orthodox school. However, in the 1910s, his theoretical authority was challenged by the leftists such as Rosa Luxemburg. At the outbreak of World War I, he supported the government in favor of defending the homeland, but he soon changed his stance to an anti-war one, and was expelled from the party's parliamentary group. In 1917, he left the Social Democratic Party and founded the Independent Social Democratic Party with H. Haase and others. His pen once again lit up against the Russian Revolution led by Lenin, and he vehemently denounced Bolshevism as anti-Marxism, which led to Lenin, who had once treated him as a theoretical authority, harshly criticizing him as an "apostate." The Independent Social Democratic Party also split into two factions, and although he returned to the Social Democratic Party in 1922, he no longer had the prestige he once had. In his later years, he continued to write in Vienna, but in 1938 he was pursued by the Nazis and went to Prague, then to Amsterdam, where he died on October 17 of the same year.

His works cover a wide range of topics, including "Commentary on Das Kapital" (1887), "The Pioneers of Modern Socialism" (1895), "Ethics and the Materialist View of History" (1906), "The Origin of Christianity" (1908), and "The Road to Power" (1909). His erudition, versatility, and prolific writing made him a major contributor to the dissemination of Marxist thought. After Engels' death, he took over the task of organizing and editing Marx's posthumous writings, and his contributions in editing and publishing "Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy," "History of the Theory of Surplus Value," and "A People's Edition of Das Kapital" cannot be overlooked.

[Harunari Yamazaki]

"Karl Kautsky" by Yoshiro Tamanoi (included in "The Complete Collection of Economic Theories 8: The Development of Marxist Economics", 1956, Kawade Shobo) " "Karl Kautsky" by G. Steenson, translated by Yoshito Tokinaga and Hiroyasu Kono (1990, Hosei University Press, University Press Series)"

[References] | Social Democratic Party | Independent Social Democratic Party | Neue Zeit | Bernstein

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

第二インターナショナル時代を代表するドイツ社会民主主義の理論的指導者。10月16日プラハに生まれる。ウィーン大学で歴史を学び、在学中にオーストリア社会民主党に入党。初めはダーウィン主義の影響が強かったが、1879年ごろベルンシュタインと知り合い、その影響を受けて熱心なマルクス主義者となり、1881年にはロンドンにマルクス、エンゲルスを訪ねた。1883年、のちにドイツ社会民主党の理論機関誌となる『ノイエ・ツァイト』Neue Zeitを創刊、その編集にあたり、1885年には弾圧を避けてロンドンに移り、エンゲルスの愛顧を受けつつ同誌の編集を続けた。社会主義者鎮圧法廃止後の1891年のドイツ社会民主党エルフルト大会では「エルフルト綱領」の起草者となり、理論的指導者としての地位を確立した。1890年代なかば以降党内に台頭したベルンシュタインなどの修正主義に対して、彼は『農業問題』(1899)、『ベルンシュタインと社会民主主義の綱領』(1899)などの著作で反論し、正統派を代表する理論家としての権威を高めた。しかし1910年代に入ると、彼の理論的権威はローザ・ルクセンブルクなどの左派からの挑戦を受けるようになる。第一次世界大戦勃発(ぼっぱつ)時には祖国防衛主義に傾いて政府を支持したが、やがて反戦に立場を変えたため、党の国会議員団から除名され、1917年には社会民主党を離れてH・ハーゼなどとともに独立社会民主党を創立した。彼の筆はレーニンの指導するロシア革命に対してもう一度燃え上がり、ボリシェビズムを反マルクス主義として激しく非難したが、そのためかつては彼を理論的権威として遇していたレーニンから「背教者」として痛烈に論難されるに至った。独立社会民主党も左右に分裂し、彼は1922年に社会民主党に復帰したが、もはや往年の声望はなかった。晩年はウィーンで著作を続けたが、1938年ナチスに追われてプラハへ、ついでアムステルダムに亡命、同年10月17日同地で客死した。

 著作は、『資本論解説』(1887)、『近代社会主義の先駆者たち』(1895)、『倫理と唯物史観』(1906)、『キリスト教の起源』(1908)、『権力への道』(1909)というように、きわめて多方面にわたっている。その博学多才と旺盛(おうせい)な文筆活動でマルクス主義思想の普及に果たした役割は大きい。またエンゲルスの死後、マルクスの遺稿の整理・編集の仕事を引き継ぎ、『経済学批判序説』『剰余価値学説史』『資本論・民衆版』を編集・刊行した功績も逸することはできない。

[山崎春成]

『玉野井芳郎著『カール・カウツキー』(『経済学説全集8 マルクス経済学の発展』所収・1956・河出書房)』『G・スティーンソン著、時永淑・河野裕康訳『カール・カウツキー』(1990・法政大学出版局・叢書ウニベルシタス)』

[参照項目] | 社会民主党 | 独立社会民主党 | ノイエ・ツァイト | ベルンシュタイン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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