Originally, it meant the law of England. As the British Empire expanded overseas, it was transplanted to the dominions and colonies, and was even adopted by the United States after independence. It has spread worldwide as the Anglo-American legal system, and is divided into two parts, along with the continental law system of the European continental countries. Its three characteristics can be mentioned: "precedent law," "rule of law," and "jury system." "Precedent law" takes case law formed by court decisions as the first source of law, and also includes common law, equity, and the theory of binding precedent. "Rule of law" is the principle that only formal laws administered by ordinary courts, whether king or state, are governed. Along with the principle of parliamentarism established by the Puritan Revolution and the political process that followed, it forms the two major principles of modern British democracy. "Jury system" is a system that allows ordinary citizens who are not legal experts to participate in the judicial process, and shows that British law as a whole is easy for the public to understand, practical, and concrete, but it has been declining in recent years. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
元来はイングランドの法を意味する。イギリス帝国の海外発展に伴い自治領や植民地にも移植され,さらに独立後のアメリカ合衆国にも摂取されるなど世界的に広がり,英米法系として,ヨーロッパ大陸諸国の属する大陸法系とともに世界を二分している。その特色としては「判例法定主義」「法の支配」「陪審制度」の3点をあげうる。「判例法定主義」は裁判所の判決によって形成される判例法を第1の法源としており,さらにコモン・ロー common lawと衡平法 equity,そのほか先例拘束性の理論が含まれる。「法の支配」とは,国王であれ国家であれ通常の裁判所が運用する正式の法律によってのみ支配されるという原則であり,ピューリタン革命およびそれ以後の政治的過程によって確立された議会主義的原則とともに,近代イギリス民主制の二大原理を形づくっている。「陪審制度」とは,法律専門家でない一般市民を司法過程に参加させる制度であり,イギリス法が全体として国民に理解されやすい,実用的かつ具体的なものであるという性格を示すものであるが,近年は衰退傾向にある。
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