This refers to the responsibility of the seller to the buyer when the object delivered to the buyer based on the sales contract has a defect (defect or flaw) that was not known at the time of delivery. For example, if a used car is purchased and there is a defect in the engine that is not easily found at the time of purchase and the buyer (purchaser) has to repair it, the buyer can claim the cost of repairs as damages from the seller. Furthermore, if the repairs interfere with driving and the car cannot be used, the contract can be terminated. It does not matter whether the seller was negligent. Regarding such contract termination and liability for damages (liability for warranty against defects), the Civil Code stipulates that "if there is a hidden defect in the object of the sale," "if the buyer is unaware of this and is therefore unable to achieve the purpose of the contract, the buyer may terminate the contract," and "if the buyer cannot terminate the contract, he/she may only claim damages" (Civil Code Articles 570 and 566, Paragraph 1). Whether or not something is a defect is determined based on the purpose of the contract, such as whether it has the quality and performance that should normally be present. A "hidden defect" refers to a defect that the buyer could not have found with ordinary care at the time of delivery. In order for the buyer to cancel the contract or claim damages, he or she must do so within one year from the time the buyer becomes aware of the defect (Articles 570 and 566, Paragraph 3 of the same law). Under the principle of freedom of contract in the Civil Code, the "seller's liability for warranty against defects" stipulated in Article 570 of the Civil Code can be excluded or limited by special provisions, so special laws have been established to protect ordinary buyers (purchasers, consumers, etc., the term varies depending on the law) who do not have sufficient specialized knowledge about products or contracts. For example, Article 8, Paragraph 1, Items 5 and 2 of the Consumer Contract Law void any special provisions that completely exempt the seller (business operator) from liability for damages for defects, and Article 40 of the Real Estate Transaction Business Law voids any special provisions that are more disadvantageous to the buyer than those stipulated in Article 570 of the Civil Code, except for special provisions that state that the period for damages must be more than two years from the date of delivery of the object. Regarding the purchase and sale of newly built homes, the "Law for the Promotion of Quality Assurance of Housing, etc." stipulates special provisions for the liability for warranty against defects stipulated in Article 570 of the Civil Code. There are three important points, and special provisions that are disadvantageous to the buyer are void. First, it applies to parts of a house that are important for the structural strength or parts that prevent rainwater from entering, as specified by government ordinance. Second, the buyer has the right to cancel the contract and claim damages as specified in Articles 570 and 566 of the Civil Code, as well as the right to request that defective parts be repaired. Third, the seller is responsible for warranty for 10 years from the time of delivery (Article 95 of the same law). In addition, there were problems with Article 570 of the Civil Code, such as the fact that it does not directly determine the liability of manufacturers, which led to academic debate. However, in 1994, the Product Liability Act was enacted as a special provision to Article 709 of the Civil Code (compensation for damages in tort), which determines the liability of manufacturers for defective products. In addition, in sales between merchants, the buyer also has specialized knowledge about the product and commercial transactions, so there are the following restrictions on the exercise of rights (Commercial Code, Article 526). When the buyer (merchant) receives the object, he/she must inspect it without delay, and if the product is found to be defective, he/she must notify the seller immediately beforehand, otherwise he/she cannot claim a reduction in the price or compensation for damages. If the defect is not found even after inspection, he/she can only claim a reduction in the price or compensation for damages for defects discovered within six months. [Takayoshi Ito] "Takashi Uchida, Civil Law II, 2nd Edition, Specifics of Obligations" (2007, University of Tokyo Press) [Reference items] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
売買契約に基づいて買い主へ引き渡された目的物に、引渡しを受けたときには分からなかった瑕疵(欠陥やきず)があった場合、売り主が買い主に対して負う責任をいう。たとえば中古車を購入したところ、購入時には容易にみつけることができない不具合がエンジンにあり、買い主(購入者)が修理しなければならなかった場合には、買い主は売り主に対して修理に要した費用を損害賠償として請求することができる。さらに修理をしても運転に支障があって使用できないときは契約を解除することができる。売り主に過失があったかどうかは問わない。このような契約解除や損害賠償の責任(瑕疵担保責任)について、民法は「売買の目的物に隠れた瑕疵があったときは」、「買主がこれを知らず、かつ、そのために契約をした目的を達することができないときは、買主は、契約の解除をすることができ」、「契約の解除をすることができないときは、損害賠償の請求のみをすることができる」と規定する(民法570条・566条1項)。欠陥にあたるかどうかは、通常備えているべき品質や性能を有するかどうか、契約の趣旨から判断される。「隠れた瑕疵」とは、引渡しを受けたとき買い主に通常の注意をしてもみつけることができなかった欠陥があったことをいう。買い主が契約解除または損害賠償請求をするためには、買い主が瑕疵のあったことを知ったときから1年以内にしなければならない(同法570条・566条3項)。 この民法第570条が定める「売主の瑕疵担保責任」は、民法がとっている契約自由の原則のもとでは、特約で売り主の責任を排除したり、制限したりすることができるので、商品や契約についての専門知識が十分でない一般の買い主(購入者、消費者等、法律によって用語が異なる)を保護する規定が特別法に定められている。たとえば、消費者契約法第8条1項5号・2項は、瑕疵に対する売り主(事業者)の損害賠償責任を全部免責とする特約は無効とし、宅地建物取引業法第40条は、目的物の引渡しの日から2年以上とする特約を除き、民法第570条の規定より買い主に不利となる特約は無効としている。新築住宅の売買については「住宅の品質確保の促進等に関する法律」が、民法第570条に定める瑕疵担保責任の特則をおいている。重要な点は3点あり、買い主に不利な特約を無効としている。第一に、住宅のうち構造耐力上主要な部分または雨水の浸入を防止する部分として、政令で定めるものを対象とする。第二に、買い主は民法第570条、第566条が定める契約解除、損害賠償請求権だけでなく、欠陥部分を修理せよという瑕疵修補請求権も有する。第三に、売り主は引渡しのときから10年間担保責任を負う(同法95条)。 また、民法第570条は、直接にメーカーの責任を定める規定ではない等の問題があったため学説上も議論があったが、1994年(平成6)に民法第709条(不法行為による損害賠償)の特則として、欠陥商品に対するメーカーの責任を定める製造物責任法が制定された。 なお、商人間の売買では買い主もその商品や商取引について専門知識があるので、権利行使には次のような制約をしている(商法526条)。買い主(商人)は目的物を受領したときは遅滞なくその物を検査しなければならず、商品に欠陥のあることが判明したときは、ただちに売り主に通知をしないと代金減額や損害賠償の請求ができない。検査をしても発見できないときは、6か月以内に発見した瑕疵についてのみ代金減額や損害賠償の請求ができる。 [伊藤高義] 『内田貴著『民法Ⅱ 第2版 債権各論』(2007・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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