Treaty of Armand

Japanese: アルマン条約 - あるまんじょうやく
Treaty of Armand

A treaty concluded in 1883 between France and Vietnam (the Nguyen Dynasty). It is also called the Treaty of Hue. The contents of the Second Treaty of Saigon in 1874 did not guarantee France an exclusive position in Tonkin, and the presence of Chinese forces such as the Black Flags caused growing dissatisfaction on the French side. In 1882, Henri Rivière was ordered by the Governor-General of Cochinchina to subjugate Tonkin, and he captured Hanoi in April, and then occupied Nam Dinh and other places. However, he was defeated by the combined forces of the Vietnamese government and Black Flags on the outskirts of Hanoi in May of the following year, and was killed in battle. Unlike the Tonkin Incident of 1873, France had switched to an active colonial expansion policy, and immediately sent reinforcements to Vietnam under General Boué and Admiral Courbet. The French army attacked Hue (Hue) in August 1883. The Hue Imperial Court, in disarray following the death of Emperor Tu Duc from illness in July, concluded the Treaty of Hue with Joseph Harmand, the resident civil official, on August 25. This agreement allowed France to obtain protectorate rights over Vietnam, control of diplomatic relations, administrative rights in Tonkin, and the cession of Binh Thuan Province. This treaty was amended and reinforced by the Second Treaty of Hue (Patenotre Treaty) in the following year, 1884. However, on the other hand, such aggressive French measures intensified the conflict with the Qing Dynasty of China, which claimed suzerainty over Vietnam, and led to the Sino-French War.

[Masaya Shiraishi]

"Modern History of Southeast Asia III" by Yukio Sakurai and Yoshiaki Ishizawa (1977, Yamakawa Publishing)

[References] | Treaty of Saigon | Sino-French War | Tonkin Incident

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1883年フランスとベトナム(阮(げん)朝=グエン朝)の間に結ばれた条約。フエ条約ともいう。1874年の第二次サイゴン条約の内容は、トンキンにおけるフランスの独占的な地位を保障するものではなく、また黒旗軍などの中国人勢力の存在はフランス側の不満を募らせていた。1882年コーチシナ総督にトンキンの制圧を命ぜられたアンリ・リビエールは、4月にハノイを攻略、ついでナムディンなどを占領した。しかし彼は翌1883年5月ハノイ郊外で、ベトナム官軍と黒旗軍の連合軍に敗れ戦死した。フランス本国は、1873年のトンキン事件当時とは異なって植民地拡張積極策に転じていたので、ただちにブーエ陸軍大将とクールベ提督の増援軍をベトナムに派遣。フランス軍は1883年8月にフエ(ユエ)を攻撃した。7月の嗣徳(ツードック)帝の病死によって混乱していたフエ朝廷は、8月25日駐在文官ジョセフ・アルマンHarmandとの間にフエ条約を結んだ。これによってフランスは、ベトナムに対する保護権と外交関係の管理権、トンキンにおける行政権、ビントゥアン省の割譲などを、ベトナム側に認めさせた。この条約は、翌1884年の第二次フエ条約(パトノートル条約)によって修正、補強された。しかし他方では、このようなフランスの積極策は、ベトナムに対する宗主権を主張する中国清(しん)朝との抗争を激化させ、清仏(しんふつ)戦争を引き起こすに至った。

[白石昌也]

『桜井由躬雄・石沢良昭著『東南アジア現代史Ⅲ』(1977・山川出版社)』

[参照項目] | サイゴン条約 | 清仏戦争 | トンキン事件

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