Hydrogen peroxide - hydrogen peroxide

Japanese: 過酸化水素 - かさんかすいそ(英語表記)hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide - hydrogen peroxide

A compound of hydrogen and oxygen. It is obtained by reacting barium peroxide with acid. It was discovered by the French chemist Thénard in 1818.

Industrially, it is produced by the autoxidation of organic matter. Oxygen is passed through a 2-ethylanthraquinol solution, and the resulting hydrogen peroxide is extracted into pure water. Quinone is regenerated to quinol by hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. In the past, it was also produced by vacuum distillation of ammonium peroxodisulfate solution produced by electrolytic oxidation of an aqueous solution of ammonium hydrogen sulfate. Vacuum distillation usually produces a concentration of up to about 25%, and 100% can be obtained by adding a dehydrating agent and vacuum distilling.

It is purified by vacuum distillation, dehydration with sulfuric acid, and fractional crystallization. When pure, it is a colorless, oily liquid with an ozone-like odor. Its aqueous solution is a weak acid, and in the presence of heavy metals, metallic palladium and other colloids or heavy metal oxides, dust, or alkali, it will release oxygen and decompose explosively. Phosphoric acid prevents decomposition, so it is added to commercially available products. The oxidation state of the oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is intermediate between that of oxygen and water.


It has strong oxidizing power and is often used as an oxidizing agent, but when it reacts with permanganate it acts as a reducing agent. Commercially available products are usually 30% aqueous solutions, and a 3% aqueous solution is called oxydol in the pharmacopoeia. Its main use is for bleaching, and it is used in natural fibers such as pulp, cotton, linen, silk, and wool, as well as various chemical fibers and food. It is also used as a synthetic chemical raw material, disinfectant, and bactericide in medicine, as a polymerization initiator, and metal surface treatment agent, and when it is 90% or more it is used as a rocket propellant. Even at low concentrations it easily decomposes while generating oxygen, so care must be taken to avoid direct sunlight and heat sources. High concentrations can erode the skin and cause inflammation.

[Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara]

[References] | Oxydol [Supplementary materials] | Hydrogen peroxide (data note)
Hydrogen peroxide production reaction
©Shogakukan ">

Hydrogen peroxide production reaction


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

水素と酸素の化合物の一つ。過酸化バリウムに酸を作用させると得られる。1818年フランスのテナールにより発見された。

 工業的には、有機物の自動酸化を利用する。2-エチルアントラキノール溶液に酸素を通し、生じた過酸化水素を純水に抽出する。キノンは触媒の存在下、水素によりキノールに再生される。また古くは、硫酸水素アンモニウム水溶液の電解酸化により生じるペルオキソ二硫酸アンモニウム溶液を減圧蒸留してつくっていた。減圧蒸留では通常25%程度までであり、脱水剤を加えて真空蒸留して100%のものが得られる。

 減圧蒸留、硫酸による脱水、分別結晶法により精製する。純粋なものは無色オゾン臭のある油状液体。水溶液は弱酸で、重金属、金属パラジウムその他のコロイドあるいは重金属酸化物、塵埃(じんあい)、アルカリなどが存在すると酸素を放って爆発的に分解する。リン酸は分解を阻止するので、市販品にはこれが加えられている。過酸化水素中の酸素の酸化状態は、酸素と水の中間にあたる。


 強い酸化力をもち、酸化剤として用いられることが多いが、過マンガン酸塩との反応では還元剤として作用する。市販品は普通30%水溶液で、3%水溶液は薬局方でオキシドールという。主要な用途は漂白用で、パルプ、木綿、麻、絹、羊毛など天然繊維のほか各種化学繊維、食品に用いられる。そのほか合成化学原料、消毒剤、殺菌剤として医薬用に、重合開始剤、金属表面処理剤、また90%以上のものはロケット推進薬として用いられる。低濃度でも酸素を発生しながら分解しやすいため、直射日光を避け、熱源に近づけないように注意しなければならない。高濃度のものは皮膚を侵し、炎症をおこす。

[守永健一・中原勝儼]

[参照項目] | オキシドール[補完資料] | 過酸化水素(データノート)
過酸化水素の生成反応
©Shogakukan">

過酸化水素の生成反応


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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