Amylose - amylose

Japanese: アミロース - あみろーす(英語表記)amylose
Amylose - amylose

It is a component of starch that, together with amylopectin, makes up starch granules. It is present in higher plants and accounts for 20-30% of starch. It is a tasteless, odorless white powder that dissolves in water but not in ethyl alcohol. When butyl alcohol is added to starch dissolved in hot water, amylose precipitates in a crystalline form, but amylopectin remains dissolved, so the two can be separated. When iodine is added to an aqueous solution of amylose, it turns blue-purple. This property is used to detect amylose.

Amylose is a chain of several hundred glucose molecules linked together by α-1,4-bonds, and the amylose chain is wound in a spiral shape, with six glucose molecules making one revolution. When iodine is added, it turns blue-purple because iodine is incorporated into the spiral and puts it into a special state. The bond between glucose molecules is quite stable, and it cannot be completely broken down unless it is boiled for several hours after adding dilute sulfuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid. However, in the presence of amylase, it is completely broken down in a neutral solution at room temperature, becoming maltose and glucose. Phosphorylase also breaks down amylose. It was previously thought that the route by which amylose is synthesized in plants was via the reverse reaction of phosphorylase, but it is now known that the main route is via adenosine diphosphate glucose.

[Takashi Muramatsu]

The structure of amylose
©Shogakukan ">

The structure of amylose


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

デンプンの一成分で、アミロペクチンとともにデンプン粒を構成する。高等植物に存在し、デンプンの20~30%を占める。無味、無臭の白色粉末で、水に溶けるがエチルアルコールには溶けない。デンプンを熱水に溶かしたものにブチルアルコールを加えると、アミロースは結晶状に析出するが、アミロペクチンは溶けたままなので、両者を分離できる。また、アミロースの水溶液にヨウ素を加えると青紫色を示す。この性質はアミロースの検出に利用される。

 アミロースはグルコースが鎖状にα-1・4-結合で数百個つながった構造で、グルコース6分子で1回りするようにアミロースの鎖は螺旋(らせん)形に巻いている。ヨウ素を加えると青紫色になるのは、ヨウ素がこの螺旋の中に取り込まれて特殊な存在状態になるからである。また、グルコースとグルコースの間の結合はかなり安定で、希硫酸や希塩酸を加えて数時間煮沸しなければ、この結合を完全に分解できない。しかしアミラーゼの存在下では、中性の溶液で、しかも常温で完全に分解され、マルトースやグルコースになってしまう。フォスフォリラーゼもアミロースを分解する。植物によってアミロースが合成される道筋は、以前にはフォスフォリラーゼの逆反応によると考えられていたが、現在ではアデノシン二リン酸グルコースを経る経路が主であることがわかっている。

[村松 喬]

アミロースの構造
©Shogakukan">

アミロースの構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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