Upright bipedalism

Japanese: 直立二足歩行 - ちょくりつにそくほこう(英語表記)upright bipedalism
Upright bipedalism

Walking on two legs with the spine erect, the head on top of the spine, landing alternately on the left and right heels, and knees extended as far as possible. Along with an upright posture, this is the characteristic that makes humans human. Other animals can also walk on two legs, including bears, monkeys, and apes, but it is difficult for them to walk long distances. Kangaroos move on two legs, but they do so by jumping, not walking. Many birds can walk on two legs, but when they do, their spine is nearly horizontal. Only penguins can keep their spine erect, but their hips and knees are greatly bent, and their walking is slow and awkward, with other methods of movement such as gliding on their bellies or swimming being quicker and easier.

Humans are the only species that can habitually walk long distances on two legs. The human body shows many characteristics that are suitable for upright bipedal walking. The spine is slightly bent forward and backward in an S-shape, which reduces the shock transmitted to the brain when the heel lands on the ground during walking. The bones on the inside of the foot are connected in an arch shape to form the arch of the foot, which acts as a spring and makes the foot move smoothly. The lower limbs are longer and stronger than the upper limbs, and the pelvis is wide and robust, which strengthens bipedal walking. The left and right knees are close together to prevent lateral swaying when walking. Upright bipedal walking was only possible because of the development of the motor nerve center, which enabled the muscles of the entire body to move in a coordinated manner. Upright bipedal walking freed the upper limbs from forward movement, allowing them to engage in various tasks unique to humans.

There are various theories about the origin of upright bipedalism, but all of them assume that monkeys were accustomed to living in trees. It is believed that almost completely upright bipedalism emerged during the process of human evolution 3.5 to 4 million years ago.

[Shise Kahara]

[Reference] | Walking | Humanity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脊柱(せきちゅう)を直立させ、頭部をその上端にのせ、左右のかかとを交互に着地させつつ、できうるかぎり膝(ひざ)を伸ばして、二本の下肢で歩くこと。直立姿勢とともに人類を人類たらしめた特徴である。二足歩行は他の動物も可能であり、クマやサルや類人猿もこれを行うことができるが、長距離を歩くことは困難である。カンガルーは二本足で移動するが、跳躍であって、歩行ではない。鳥類は二本足で歩けるものが多いが、その際、脊柱は水平に近い。ペンギンのみが脊柱を直立させるが、腰と膝が大きく曲がり、その歩行は遅く、ぎごちなく、腹ばいの地上滑走や遊泳など他の方法による移動方法のほうが迅速(じんそく)かつ容易である。

 常習的に長距離の二足歩行を行えるのは人類だけである。人体は直立二足歩行に適した特徴を諸所に示している。脊柱が軽く前後にS字状に屈曲しているため、歩行にあたり、かかとが着地したときの衝撃が脳に伝わることを和らげ、また、足部内側の骨の連結がアーチ状をなし、土(つち)ふまずをつくるため、この骨のアーチはばねとなり、足の運びを円滑にしている。上肢に比べて長くて頑丈な下肢や、幅広で頑健なつくりの骨盤は二足歩行を強化している。左右の膝の接近は歩行時の横揺れを防ぐ。全身の筋肉の協調運動を可能にした運動神経中枢が発達していればこそ、直立二足歩行が可能になった。直立二足歩行のおかげで、上肢は前進運動から解放され、人類独特の各種作業に携わることができるようになった。

 直立二足歩行の起因として諸説があるが、いずれにしてもサルの段階での樹上生活の習熟が前提となっている。350万年ないし400万年の昔、人類進化の過程においてほぼ完全な直立二足歩行が出現したと考えられている。

[香原志勢]

[参照項目] | 歩く | 人類

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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