A type of vehicle. The seat is box-shaped or cylindrical, with a handle attached to the roof. People stand in front of and behind the seat and carry the handle. There are usually two carriers, but in the case of nobles, there may be four, two at the front and two at the back. In other words, as a form of transportation, it belongs to the "sashininai" category of shoulder-carrying. It is not entirely clear when palanquins first came into use. Some say they were already in use in ancient times, and their shape is said to have been established by the late Middle Ages. They were most commonly used during the Edo period, when they were widely available to common people. However, their use rapidly declined with the introduction of modern transportation in the Meiji period, and today only a few remain for tourist purposes. A typical example would be the palanquins that go up and down the stone steps of Kotohira Shrine in Kotohira Town, Kagawa Prefecture. Palanquins are human-powered vehicles, but the fact that they were still the predominant form of transportation in early modern society is rather rare in world history. In societies based on slavery, such as ancient nations, human-powered vehicles were common, but as time went on, especially in Western Europe, vehicles began to be used. However, in Japan, there was almost no development of vehicles, and vehicles were not used for riding until the end of the Edo period. The most common human-powered vehicle is the palanquin. This has a handle attached to the bottom of the riding part, is carried by hand, and does not have a very large weight bearing capacity. In Japan, where there was no transition to vehicles, it was necessary to develop a human-powered vehicle that could carry a greater weight. Carrying something on the shoulders allows you to carry heavier objects than carrying them by hand, and it can be done for a long time. This is where the palanquin was born. Palanquins are usually divided into two types; the common ones are called "kago" and the high-class ones are called "norimono". Of the former, the simplest ones are made of bamboo for both the body and handle, and are thought to represent the original form of palanquin. Of those used in the early modern period, the yama-kago is a representative example. This simply has a roof over where people sit, and no coverings on the sides. As the name suggests, it was used on mountain paths. Those made of woven bamboo in a cylindrical shape were called tomaru-kago and were used to escort criminals. The name seems to have come from the fact that their shape resembles a birdcage. The yotsute-kago is based on the shape of the yama-kago, but is covered on the front, back, left and right sides with straw mats or other coverings to protect from the rain and dew. They were mainly used by common people in Edo, and were also called town palanquins or tsuji palanquins. Similar palanquins were used in Kyoto and Osaka, but they were called "Kyoto Yotsuji". The front and back were more carefully made than the Yotsute palanquin, but the left and right covers were also made of straw mats. The Yotsute palanquin and Kyo Yotsuji palanquin had wooden handles. The Hosenji palanquin (also written as Hosenji) was the only palanquin made entirely of wood, and was used by relatively wealthy townspeople. It was panelled on all four sides, with small windows covered with blinds. It was decorated with techniques such as spring-gold lacquering, and was an elaborate piece of equipment. It is difficult to make a strict distinction between vehicles and palanquins, but vehicles are considered to be more comfortable and decorative, and were used by people of higher status. As a guideline, anything with a door on the side was generally considered a vehicle. It was a sliding door, which was opened to get on and off. The vehicles used by the Shogun had a riding area covered in ajiro (latticework) and lacquered with urushi paint, and the handle was painted black. Court nobles also used almost the same vehicles. Official monks also used the same type, but they were painted vermilion instead of urushi paint. Women's vehicles were called onna no urimono (women's vehicles) and were used by the wives of daimyo. They were luxurious, decorated with lacquerware and other elements. Only a limited number of people were allowed to ride in vehicles, but as an exception, doctors were allowed to use relatively simple vehicles. This legal regulation of who could ride in what kind of palanquin or vehicle is called the "Joyo System." This law was first issued by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1595 (Bunroku 4). It was carried over to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who in 1615 (Genwa 1) created the Buke Shohatto, which included detailed regulations based on rank and age. There was also a limit on the number of tsuji palanquins commoners could ride in. This system continued throughout the Edo period, but disappeared with the fall of the shogunate. A person whose occupation was to carry palanquins was called a kagokaki (palanquin carrier). In contrast, a person who carried vehicles was called a rokushaku (also written as rikishaku). The term rokushaku is said to be a corrupted version of rikisha (strong men) who were involved in transporting palanquins before the Middle Ages. A kagokaki stays in a palanquin shop and waits for customers, taking out palanquins on request. A rokushaku is exclusively employed by the family that owns the vehicle, and carries it when the master goes out. The number of rokushaku depends on the family's status and rank. Also, a person who transports travelers at a post station along the highway is called a kumosuke. Kumosuke are often people who are "dropouts," so to speak, and some of them ask for money for drinks on top of the set fee, causing trouble for travelers. Within the city, palanquins usually traveled one ri in about an hour, but the fastest ones took about 40 minutes. For longer distances, fast palanquins were set up between Edo and Kyoto, but the standard time for the journey was about four and a half days. [Kanji Kurumizawa] "Transportation: The History of Logistics in Japan" by Seiichi Oya (1978, Kashiwa Shobo) © Yoshiyasu Tanaka Main types of palanquins A typical palanquin used in the early modern period. It is a simple palanquin with only a roof over the seat and no covering on the sides. It was literally used on mountain paths. Utagawa Kunisada (Toyokuni III) painting "Twenty-four Good Modern Beauties: Travel Good" 1863 (Bunkyu 3) National Diet Library Mountain palanquin Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
乗り物の一種。形態は、人が乗るところを箱形もしくは円筒形につくり、その屋根に柄(え)を取り付けたものである。乗用部分の前後に人が立ち、柄を担いでいくようになっている。担ぎ手は通常2人だが、高貴な者の場合は前後に2人ずつ、計4人で担ぐこともある。すなわち、運搬の形態としては、肩担い運搬の「さしにない」に属するものである。 駕籠がいつごろから使用されるようになったのかは、かならずしも明確でない。すでに古代から使われていたとする説もあり、中世後期にはその形がほぼ定まったといわれる。もっとも盛んに使用されたのは江戸時代で、庶民にも広く普及していた。しかし、明治になって近代的交通機関が導入されると急激に衰え、いまでは観光用などにわずかに残されるのみである。代表的な例としては、香川県琴平町の金刀比羅宮(ことひらぐう)の石段を上下する駕籠があげられるだろう。 駕籠は人力による乗り物だが、こうしたたぐいのものが、近世社会においてなお有力な交通機関とされていたのは、世界史的にみればむしろまれな例である。古代国家のように奴隷制を基礎とする社会では、人力による乗り物は一般的にみられたが、時代が下るにつれ、とくに西欧では車両が用いられるようになっていく。しかし、日本では車両の発達はほとんどみられず、幕末まで車両が乗用に供されることはなかった。人力による乗り物として普遍的なものは輿(こし)である。これは乗用部分の下部に柄を取り付けたもので、運搬形態は手持ち運搬に属し、重量負担力はさほど大きくはない。車両への移行がみられなかった日本では、人力によりながら、さらに負担力の大きなものを開発しなければならなかった。肩担い運搬は、手持ち運搬に比べれば重い物を運ぶことができ、しかも持続性がある。ここに、駕籠が生み出される必然性があったものと思われる。 駕籠は通常2種に分類され、一般的なものは「駕籠」、高級なものは「乗物(のりもの)」とよばれた。前者のうち、もっとも簡素なものは本体、柄ともに竹でつくり、これが駕籠の原初形態を示すものと思われる。近世に使用されたものでは、山駕籠が代表的な例としてあげられる。これは、人が座る上に屋根をかけただけで、側面には覆いもかけられていない。文字どおり山道で使用された。竹を円筒形に編んだものは鶤鶏(唐丸)(とうまる)駕籠とよばれ、罪人の護送に用いられた。その形が鳥籠(とりかご)に似ていることから生じた呼び名らしい。四つ手駕籠は、山駕籠の形態を基本とするが、前後左右に茣蓙(ござ)などの覆いをかけ、雨露がしのげるようになっている。主として江戸の庶民に用いられ、町駕籠、辻(つじ)駕籠などともよばれた。京、大坂でも同種のものが使われたがこれは「京四つ路(じ)」とよばれる。四つ手駕籠より前後の造りはていねいだが、左右の覆いはやはり茣蓙であった。四つ手駕籠、京四つ路になると、柄は木製となってくる。本体まで木製としたのは法仙寺駕籠(宝仙寺とも書く)で、比較的富裕な町人が用いた。四方を板張りとし、小窓を設けて簾(すだれ)を張る。春慶(しゅんけい)塗などがなされて、装飾にも意が凝らされたものとなった。 乗物と駕籠を厳密に区分するのはむずかしいが、乗物はより居住性、装飾性が高められ、身分の高い者が用いたものとされている。一つの目安として、側面に戸が取り付けられているものは、おおむね乗物とみなされたようである。引き戸で、これを開けて乗り降りした。将軍が用いたものは、乗用部分を網代(あじろ)張りとして溜塗(ためぬ)りにし、柄は黒塗りとする。公家(くげ)もほぼ同じものを用いた。官僧も同種のものを使用したが、溜塗りではなく朱塗りとされた。また、女性用は女乗物とよばれ、大名の夫人が用いた。蒔絵(まきえ)なども施された豪華なものである。乗物に乗れる者は限られていたが、医師は特例として比較的簡素な乗物を用いることが認められていた。 このように、だれがどのような駕籠・乗物に乗ってよいか、ということを法的に定めたものを、「乗輿(じょうよ)の制度」という。この法令を最初に出したのは豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉で、1595年(文禄4)のことである。これは徳川家康に引き継がれ、1615年(元和1)、武家諸法度において、身分・年齢等による細かい規定がなされた。また、庶民が乗る辻駕籠については、その数が制限されている。この制度は江戸時代を通じて行われたが、幕府の滅亡とともに消滅した。 駕籠を担ぐことを業とするものを駕籠舁(かごかき)という。これに対し、乗物を担ぐ者は六尺(陸尺とも書く)とよばれた。「ろくしゃく」の呼称は、中世以前に輿の運搬に従事した力者(りきしゃ)がなまったものといわれている。駕籠舁は駕籠屋に詰めて客待ちをし、求めに応じて駕籠を出す。六尺は乗物を所有する家の専属で、主人が出かけるときに担いでいく。六尺は、その家の身分、格式などに応じた人数が置かれていた。また、街道沿いの宿場にいて、旅人を運ぶ者は雲助(くもすけ)とよばれる。雲助には、いわば「落ちこぼれ」の人間が従事することが多く、規定の料金のほかに酒代などをせびる者もあって、旅人を悩ませた。 市中の駕籠は通常1里を1時間くらいで走ったが、速いものは40分ほどである。遠距離では、江戸―京都間に早駕籠が設けられていたが、4日半ほどで走破するのが標準とされていた。 [胡桃沢勘司] 『大矢誠一著『運ぶ――物流日本史』(1978・柏書房)』 ©田中淑安"> 駕籠のおもな種類 近世に使用された代表的な駕籠。人が座る部分に屋根をかけただけで、側面には覆いもかけられていない簡素なものである。文字どおり山道などで使用された。歌川国貞(3世豊国)画『二十四好今様美人 旅好』1863年(文久3)国立国会図書館所蔵"> 山駕籠 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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