A compulsory measure taken by an investigative agency for the purpose of an investigation. Compulsory investigations include arrest, physical search and examination, detention, and detention for evaluation, as compulsory investigations against a person, and physical search and examination and witness questioning, as compulsory investigations against a witness. Compulsory investigations against property include search and seizure, inspection, seizure, and evaluation. Compulsory measures are only available when there is a special provision in the law (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 197, Paragraph 1, proviso). This is the so-called principle of compulsory measures as legal. However, whether an act that violates a person's freedom (for example, grabbing someone's arm) constitutes an arrest, which is a compulsory measure, depends on how the compulsory measure is interpreted. Case law has stated that compulsory measures are measures that are not appropriate to be permitted unless there is a special provision, such as the act of suppressing an individual's will and restricting their body, residence, property, etc. to forcibly achieve the purpose of the investigation (Supreme Court decision, March 16, 1976). From this perspective, for example, grabbing someone's arm does not constitute an arrest by itself, but only when it is sufficient to suppress the individual's will. In academic theory, the prevailing view is that measures that violate an individual's important interests are compulsory measures. From this perspective, acts that violate an individual's right to privacy are also compulsory measures. The law also considers measures to intercept electronic communications without the consent of either party to the communication (so-called wiretapping and eavesdropping) to be compulsory measures (Article 222-2 of the same law). Regarding so-called GPS investigations, which secretly install GPS terminals on vehicles without the user's consent to search for location information, precedent has stated that GPS investigations are compulsory measures because they involve the secret installation of devices that can violate an individual's privacy (Supreme Court Grand Bench ruling of March 15, 2017). In principle, a warrant issued by a judge is required to conduct a compulsory investigation. This is the so-called warrant principle. As an exception, a warrant is not required when arresting a person in the act of committing a crime (Article 33 of the Constitution, Article 213 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). Furthermore, when arresting a person, searches, seizures, and inspections can be carried out without a warrant (Article 220 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). [Soriichi Taguchi April 18, 2018] [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
捜査機関が捜査の目的で行う強制処分のこと。強制捜査には、まず対人的強制捜査として、被疑者に対する逮捕、身体捜索・身体検査、勾留(こうりゅう)、鑑定留置などがあり、参考人に対しては、身体捜索・身体検査、証人尋問などがある。対物的強制捜査としては、捜索・差押え、検証、領置、鑑定処分などがある。強制処分は、法律に特別の定めがある場合に限られる(刑事訴訟法197条1項但書)。いわゆる強制処分法定主義である。しかし、たとえば人の自由を侵害する行為(たとえば、腕をつかむ行為)が強制処分である逮捕にあたるかどうかは、強制処分をどのように解するかによる。判例は、個人の意思を制圧し、身体、住居、財産等に制約を加えて強制的に捜査目的を実現する行為など、特別な根拠規定がなければ許容することが相当でない手段をいうとしている(最高裁判所昭和51年3月16日決定)。この立場からすれば、たとえば腕をつかむ行為も、単にそれだけで逮捕となるわけではなく、それが個人の意思を制圧する程度である場合にはじめて逮捕となる。学説では、個人の重要な利益を侵害する処分を強制処分と解する見解が有力である。この観点からすれば、個人のプライバシー権を侵害する行為も強制処分となる。法律も、通信の当事者のいずれの同意も得ないで電気通信の傍受を行う処分(いわゆる通信傍受、盗聴)を強制処分としている(同法222条の2)。なお、車両に使用者の承諾なくひそかにGPS端末を取り付けて位置情報を検索するいわゆるGPS捜査につき、判例は、GPS捜査は個人のプライバシーの侵害を可能とする機器をひそかに装着するもので、強制処分にあたるとしている(最高裁判所大法廷平成29年3月15日判決)。 強制捜査をするには、原則として、裁判官の発する令状を必要とする。いわゆる令状主義である。例外として、人を現行犯として逮捕する場合には令状を必要としない(憲法33条、刑事訴訟法213条)。また、人を逮捕する場合には、令状なくして捜索・差押え・検証をすることができる(刑事訴訟法220条)。 [田口守一 2018年4月18日] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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