Outsider - outsider

Japanese: アウトサイダー - あうとさいだー(英語表記)outsider
Outsider - outsider

Generally, when a certain social relationship exists, it is used to refer to people or groups outside that range, mainly from the perspective of those within that range (insiders). Originally, it was an English word that referred to an outsider, an outsider, a vulgar person, a competitor who has no chance of winning in a competition, or an unpopular horse in a horse race.

For example, when several companies have organized a cartel, trust, or trade association, a company that is not part of the agreement and is outside of that control and in a competitive position is an outsider. In the case of labor unions, it means a union that is outside the company. In the UK and the US, labor unions are organized by workers of the same occupation or industry across companies and are under the strong control of a national union. This is a major difference from the company-based unions that dominate in Japan. In Japan, an outside union is an extralegal union that cannot participate in the procedures of the Labor Union Act.

In sociology, outsiders are classified as out-groups in contrast to in-groups. In a transitional period between two different societies or cultures, or in a period of historical change, a group that does not belong definitively to either has the characteristics of an outsider as a borderline entity. Examples of this are people who are ostracized within their village, and young generations living in times of change. Outsiders are not bound to a specific group, so they view things objectively, and from that perspective they may display unique creativity, but on the other hand, they tend to be prone to deviant behavior.

[Shoji Takashima]

Philosophical Outsider

In the philosophical sense, an outsider is someone who does not remain within established values ​​and worldviews, but goes outside of those frameworks, and fundamentally questions and criticizes things from a free standpoint. Socrates, who preached "philosophy" in ancient Greece, was exactly such a person. He believed that what is important is not just living, but "living well," and he tried to thoroughly explore what that means. In that respect, his way of life was different from that of ordinary people, and people saw him as "eccentric." It can be said that great philosophers from ancient times were outsiders to a greater or lesser extent. In modern society, the masses, who appear to be blessed with abundant material wealth and freedom on the surface, are actually being swept away by various discourses and trends and are becoming irresponsible average people and common people. In this situation, a rare outsider is someone who stands outside the realm and continues to fundamentally question the essence of things with a calm eye.

[Fujimaro Inagaki]

"The Outsider" by Colin Wilson, translated by Tsuneari Fukuda and Yasuo Nakamura, 2 volumes (1975, Kinokuniya Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般的には、一定の社会関係が成立している場合に、その範囲外にある人々ないし集団を、主としてその範囲内にある者(インサイダーinsider)の立場からいうときに用いられる。本来は、局外者、門外漢、下品な人、勝負事に勝ち目のない競争者、競馬で人気のない馬をさす英語。

 たとえば、いくつかの企業がカルテル、トラスト、同業組合を組織している場合、その協定に参加せず、その統制の外部にあって競争的立場にある企業は、アウトサイダーである。労働組合の場合は、企業の外に出ている組合を意味する。イギリス、アメリカの労働組合は、職業あるいは産業を同じくする労働者が企業を超えて組織され、全国組合の強い統制のもとに置かれている。これは、日本の支配的な企業別組合と大きく違う点である。日本でアウトサイド組合とは、労働組合法の手続に参加することができない法外組合をいう。

 社会学では内集団に対し外集団out-groupに含められる。二つの異なる社会や文化、あるいは時代的変化の過渡期において、どちらにも決定的に属しえずにはみだした集団は、境界的存在としてアウトサイダーの性格をもつ。たとえば、村内で村八分にされた人、変動期に生きる青年の世代はその例である。アウトサイダーは特定の集団に拘束されないという点で、事象を客観的にみ、そのような視点から独特の創造性を発揮することもあるが、他面、逸脱行動をとりやすい傾向をもつ。

[高島昌二]

哲学上のアウトサイダー

既成の価値観や世界観のうちにとどまることなく、その枠組みの外に出て、自由な立場から物事を根本的に問い直し、批判する人を哲学的な意味でアウトサイダーという。古代ギリシアにおいて「愛知」を説いたソクラテスはまさしくそういう人であった。彼は、たいせつなのはただ生きるのではなく、「よく生きる」ことであるとし、それがいかなることであるかを徹底して追究しようとした。その点で彼の生き方は一般の人々のそれと異なっており、人々から「風変わりな人」とみられた。古来優れた哲学者は大なり小なりアウトサイダーであったといえる。現代社会において表面的には豊かな物質と自由に恵まれたかにみえる大衆が、実際にはさまざまな言説や流行に押し流されて、無責任な平均人、世間人と化しつつあるとき、むしろ局外にたち、冷静な目で物事の本質を根本的に問い続ける人こそ、得がたいアウトサイダーであろう。

[稲垣不二麿]

『コリン・ウイルソン著、福田恆存・中村保男訳『アウトサイダー』全二巻(1975・紀伊國屋書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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