Vol'nonayomnye rabochie (English spelling) volnonayomnyerabochie

… Russian factory industry also relied heavily on peasant labor, and in the 18th century, it was characterized by the "possessionnye krest'yane" (peasants who were bought by factories), the "incorporated peasants" (peasants who were incorporated into factories), and even serf labor in landlord factories. The former were used in large quantities in the metallurgical industry in the Urals, which was developed by Peter the Great. In the first half of the 19th century, mainly in the new cotton industry, the "vol'nonayomnye rabochie" (free laborers), most of whom were migrant workers on state and private land, formed the main factory labor force (47% in 1804, 87% in 1860). In the second half of the century, the majority of workers in industry and construction were migrant peasants. They were members of rural communities (mirs) and worked in factories as artels, but by the end of the century, a completely urban class of laborers was created, centered on skilled workers in the heavy industry, which had grown rapidly under Witte's industrialization policy, and the nature of the labor movement changed accordingly. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "vol'nonayomnye rabochie" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…　ロシアの工場制工業も農民労働に大きく依存し，18世紀には工場に買われた〈占有農民possessionnye krest’yane〉，工場に編入された〈編入農民pripisnye krest’yane〉，さらに地主工場の農奴労働が特色をなし，ピョートル1世の開発したウラルの冶金業でも前者が大量に使用された。19世紀前半には新たな綿工業を中心に，大半が国有地･私有地の出稼農民からなる〈自由雇用労働者vol’nonayomnye rabochie〉が工場労働力の主力(1804年に47％，60年に87％)をなし，世紀後半にも工業･建設の労働者の大半は出稼農民であった。彼らは農村共同体(ミール)の成員で，工場でもアルテリを組んで働いたが，世紀末にはウィッテの工業化政策で急成長した重工業の熟練労働者を中心に，完全な都市労働者の階層が生まれ，労働運動の性格もこれに伴って変化した。…

※「vol'nonayomnye rabochie」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

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