…Here, there was a strong methodological influence from structuralism and symbolism theory. Victor Turner, for example, clarified that in an African society he investigated, the three colors white, red, and black used in rituals were related to semen, blood, and excrement, respectively, and expressed life, power, and death. He also demonstrated that the three colors did not simply have one meaning each, but that in contrasts such as red and white, or white and black, each color had multiple meanings. Edmund Leach, although with a different emphasis, also argued that the classification of colors and their meaning systems differ from one society to another, and that the meaning of a certain color is determined in relation to the color it is contrasted with and in relation to the context in which the color is used. … From [Rite of Passage]...M. Gluckman also considered rites of passage to have the function of preventing social relations from becoming unstable when an individual's status changes. V. Turner's theory of "communitas" as a structureless, systemless situation seen in groups in times of change developed Van Gennep's concept of "transition" in rites of passage, and attempted to approach the essence of the ritual symbolically from its unlimited attributes. From the perspective of religious studies, M. Eliade considered rites of passage as a process in which humans, who are born as natural beings, approach the ideal of a religious human in a particular culture by passing through many rituals in that culture. ... From [Culture]…He shows logical consistency within the culture, and states that it is dangerous to overemphasize the integration of the culture, and that the contradictions and disunity within the culture are reminiscent of the legs of an octopus that move on their own. Those who study the meaning of symbolism from a different angle than ethnoscience and Geertz include V. Turner, R. Needham, and Sperber. Turner captures the meaning of symbols in Ndembu rituals through the explanations of the residents themselves, and further explores the relationships between several symbols. … From [Cultural Anthropology]...In a word, it is a trend in research related to cognition. One of them is called symbolic anthropology, and is represented by C. Geertz, D. Schneider, V. Turner, M. Douglas, and others. They share the common position of trying to understand culture as a symbol system. *Some of the terminology referenced in "Turner, V." is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…ここには構造主義,シンボリズム理論からの強い方法論的影響があった。 ターナーVictor Turnerは,彼の調査したあるアフリカ社会では,たとえば儀礼の中に用いられる白・赤・黒の3色が,それぞれに精液・血・排泄物と関係し,生命・力・死を表現していることを明らかにするとともに,さらにそれら3色が単に一つずつの意味を持つのではなく,赤・白,白・黒といった対比において,それぞれの色は多義的な意味合いを持つことを論証した。リーチEdmund Leachも力点の違いこそあれ同様に,個々の社会によって色の分類とその意味体系は異なり,ある色の示す意味はそれと対比されている色との関係で,またその色の用いられる文脈との関係で決まることを主張した。… 【通過儀礼】より…またグラックマンM.Gluckmanは通過儀礼を個人の身分が変化するにあたって,その社会関係が不安定化するのを避けようとする機能をもつものと考えた。ターナーV.Turnerの,変動期の集団に見られる無構造・無体制的状況としての〈コミュニタスcommunitas〉論は,ファン・ヘネップの通過儀礼における〈過渡〉の概念を発展させ,その無限定的属性から象徴論的に儀礼の本質に迫ろうとしたものである。また宗教学的立場からM.エリアーデは,通過儀礼を自然的存在として生まれた人間が,特定の文化のなかで,多くの儀礼を通過することによって,その文化における宗教的人間の理想に近づくプロセスとみなした。… 【文化】より…彼はこのように文化内の論理的一貫性を示すとともに,文化内の統合を強調しすぎることは危険であり,文化内の矛盾や不統一はそれぞれがかってに動き出すタコの足を思わせると述べている。 エスノサイエンスやギアツとは違う角度から象徴性の意味を研究する人たちにターナーV.Turner,ニーダムR.Needham,スペルベルがいる。ターナーはヌデンブ族の儀礼における象徴の意味を住民自身の解説によってとらえ,さらにいくつもの象徴の間の関係をさぐる。… 【文化人類学】より…それは一口にいって認識にかかわる研究の傾向である。その一つは象徴人類学symbolic anthropologyと呼ばれるもので,C.ギアツ,シュナイダーD.Schneider,ターナーV.Turner,ダグラスM.Douglasなどを代表とする。彼らは文化をシンボル体系としてとらえようとする点で共通の立場に立っている。… ※「Turner,V.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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