… The 12th and 13th centuries, the final period of development of Gregorian chant, a monophonic chant, were also the period of development of polyphonic music. The cornerstone of Notre Dame de Paris was laid in 1163, but at the end of the 12th century, when the altar and sanctuary were completed first, two great maestro Léonin and Pérotin appeared. They established an early form of polyphony called organum, which uses Gregorian chant as a basis and superimposes one to three counterpoint melodies on it. … From the Notre Dame School…While previous polyphonic music followed the rhythm of Gregorian chant, Leonin established a strict rhythmic system based on 3 beats by combining major and minor notes, bringing about a revolutionary innovation in music history. Based on this rhythmic system, called modal rhythm, Leonin, a representative composer of the late 12th century, composed two-part organums with Gregorian chant as a fixed melody and countermelody added, and further compiled such works to be sung on major holidays throughout the year in the Magnus Liber Organi. His successor, Perotinus, revised this collection and left behind many three- or four-part organums. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "Leoninus" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 単旋律の聖歌であるグレゴリオ聖歌の最後の発展期であった12~13世紀は,同時にポリフォニー(複旋律)音楽の発展の時期でもあった。パリのノートル・ダム大聖堂の礎石は1163年にすえられたが,祭壇と内陣の部分がまず完成した12世紀末,ここにレオナンLéonin(レオニヌスLeoninus)とペロタンPérotin(ペロティヌスPerotinus)という2人の巨匠が姿を現す。彼らはグレゴリオ聖歌を基礎として,1~3声部の対位旋律をそれに重ね合わせるオルガヌムorganumと呼ばれる初期のポリフォニーの形式を確立した。… 【ノートル・ダム楽派】より…それまでのポリフォニー音楽がグレゴリオ聖歌のリズムに準じていたのに対し,長短の音符の組合せによって3拍子を基本とする厳格なリズム体系を確立して音楽史に画期的な革新をもたらした。モーダル・リズムと呼ばれるそのようなリズム体系に基づいて12世紀後半の代表的作曲家レオナンLéonin(レオニヌスLeoninus)はグレゴリオ聖歌を定旋律としてそれに対旋律を付け加えた2声オルガヌムを作曲し,さらに1年を通じておもな祝日で歌われるそのような作品を集大成して《大オルガヌム曲集Magnus Liber Organi》を完成した。その後継者にあたるペロタンPérotin(ペロティヌスPerotinus)はこの曲集を改訂して,数多くの3声ないしは4声のオルガヌムを残した。… ※「Leoninus」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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