…In contrast, psychologists such as W. James and Cowny Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) characterized instincts as innate and spontaneous, but emphasized their variability and took the position that instincts are essentially precursors to intelligent behavior. Also, William McDougal (1871-1938) classified instincts into 13 higher instincts from a functional point of view and related them to emotional excitement that occurs in the minds of animals. For example, the instinct to escape and fear, the instinct to fight and anger, the instinct to parent and affection, etc. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "McDougal, W." is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…これに対してW.ジェームズやモーガンCowny Lloyd Morgan(1852‐1936)などの心理学者は本能を生得性と自発性によって特徴づけながらも,その可変性を強調し,基本的に本能を知的行動の前駆形態とみなす立場をとった。またマクドゥーガルWilliam McDougal(1871‐1938)は機能的観点から13の上位本能に分類し,それを動物の心に生じる情緒的な興奮と関連づけた。例えば逃走本能と恐怖,闘争本能と怒り,親本能と慈愛といったぐあいである。… ※「McDougal,W.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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