Thoracotomy - Kaikyojutsu (English spelling) thoracotomy

Japanese: 開胸術 - かいきょうじゅつ（英語表記）thoracotomy

This is a surgical procedure that is used when the chest must be opened surgically to treat lung tumors such as lung cancer, lung diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis, and heart and esophageal diseases. Usually, under general anesthesia, the muscles are cut along the ribs to open the chest without cutting the ribs, but if a large opening is required, one or two ribs may be cut. When the chest cavity is opened by this surgery, air enters the pleural cavity, which is kept at a lower pressure than atmospheric pressure, through the incision, causing the lungs inside to shrink and making it impossible to breathe.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

肺癌をはじめとする肺腫瘍や肺結核などの肺の病気，心臓や食道の病気で，外科的に胸を開いて処置しなければならないとき行われる手術方法。ふつう全身麻酔下で，肋骨に沿って筋肉を切り，肋骨を切り取らないで胸を開くが，大きく広く開ける必要があるときは，1～2本の肋骨を切断することもある。この手術によって胸腔を開くと，大気圧より低圧に保たれている胸膜腔に，切開口から空気が侵入するため，中の肺が縮んで呼吸ができなくなる。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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