Shipping Conference - Shipping Conference

Japanese: 海運同盟 - かいうんどうめい
Shipping Conference - Shipping Conference

In liner shipping, liner companies enter into freight rate agreements to suppress competition among themselves, restrict entry from outside, monopolize the market, and maximize their own profits. Also called a freight rate conference. An international cartel that was established early on. As ships changed from sailing ships to steamships and regular shipping became possible with the opening of the Suez Canal (1869), competition intensified. In 1875, the world's first shipping conference, the Calcutta Conference, was formed, and since then, shipping conferences have been formed one after another as regular shipping routes have been opened in every corner of the world.

Shipping conferences implement freight rate agreements, agreements on the number of ships to be allocated, agreements on loading ratios (transportation shares of each company in the conference), and freight rate pool calculations as internal regulations, and also implement external regulations as a means of
(1) A freight refund system that allows shippers to receive a partial refund of freight if they continue to use alliance ships.
(2) The contract freight rate system (also known as the dual freight rate system) provides discounts to shippers who have made a contract to load their goods on a consortium ship.
(3) The deployment of competing ships that would offer low freight rates to exclude non-alliance ships that cut into alliance routes.
There are two types of shipping conferences: closed conferences, which are based in Europe and severely restrict new entrants, and open conferences, which are based in the United States and allow new entrants in principle due to American antitrust laws, but also do not allow freight refunds or fighting ships. In the latter, there is a succession of withdrawals from conferences and cut-in by non-conference ships, making it impossible to maintain the rate table.

From the mid-1960s, liner shipping between developed countries was almost entirely containerized, and the entry of conglomerates such as Sea-Land reopened the competition, resulting in a major restructuring of global liner shipping. Because container shipping requires huge capital investment, traditional major liner shipping companies maintained their monopoly by adopting space chartering, which allows the joint use of ships and facilities (especially in Japan), and by forming consortia, which jointly own, operate, and use them (mainly in Europe). However, container ships are only one component of the land-sea intermodal transport system, and the regulatory power of shipping conferences had to be weakened.

After World War II, developing countries promoted their own shipping industries under the principle of "home cargo, home ship," but in 1974, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) adopted the "Charter Convention for Liner Shipping Conferences," reserving the loading ratio for ships from developing countries. In addition, shipping companies from Taiwan, China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other countries began to send container ships outside the conference at low freight rates to major liner routes around the world.

The enactment of the 1984 American Shipping Act (deregulation policy) led to the weakening of freight rate agreements among shipping conferences in the 1980s, leading to intensified price competition and competition for entry into the world's largest shipping routes to the United States. As a result, traditional shipping conferences were merged and abolished, and new shipping conferences called super conferences were formed, and liner route stabilization agreements were concluded in which alliance shipping companies cooperated with some non-affiliated shipping companies.

In the 1990s, there was a demand for globalization of land and sea integrated transport services, but this could no longer be met by the transport services provided by individual shipping companies as in the past, and container shipping companies were required to operate huge container ships, network multiple routes, and develop inland transport. The ones who were able to meet this demand were the so-called mega carriers, which are about 20 container shipping companies in the world.

Since the mid-1990s, mega carriers have formed consortia called global alliances to optimize their transport services and to secure profits. Unlike traditional shipping conferences, these are business alliances formed by several mega carriers from different regions and countries, including non-member shipping companies. As a result, several global alliances have been formed that go beyond specific shipping routes.

In the United States, the 1998 Shipping Act amendments allowed individual shipping companies and shippers to enter into confidential individual transportation contracts, but maintained the exemption from antitrust law for shipping conferences and other agreements between shipping companies. The EU abolished the exemption for shipping conferences from EU competition law in 2008. Consortia were exempt from EU competition law, but a review is currently underway.

Thus, while traditional shipping conferences are being forced to disband, the world's major traditional shipping companies are leveraging business agreements and business partnerships to maintain their traditional alliance functions in providing global maritime transport services.

[Yoichi Shinohara]

“Miyamoto Seishiro’s “Shipping Alliance System Theory” (1978, Kaibundo Publishing)”

[Reference item] | Maritime transportation | Ocean freight rates | Loading ratio

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

定期船海運において、定期船業者が運賃協定などを結び、お互いの競争を抑制し、外部からの参入を制約して市場を独占し、自らの利益を最大限に図ろうとするもの。運賃同盟ともいう。早期に成立した国際カルテルである。船舶が帆船から汽船に転換し、またスエズ運河の開通(1869)などもあり、定期運航が行われるようになると、競争が激化した。1875年に世界最初の海運同盟であるカルカッタ同盟が結成され、それ以後世界の隅々に定期航路が開設されるとともに海運同盟は次々と生まれた。

 海運同盟は、内部規制として運賃協定、配船数の協定、積取比率(同盟各社の輸送シェア)の協定、運賃プール計算を実施し、また対外規制手段として、
(1)荷主が同盟船を利用し続ければ運賃の一部を払い戻しする運賃延戻し制、
(2)同盟船に一手船積みする契約をした荷主に運賃を割り引く契約運賃制(二重運賃制ともいう)、
(3)同盟航路に割り込んできた盟外船を低率運賃で排除する闘争船の配船、
などを行っている。海運同盟には、ヨーロッパを基点とし、新規参入を著しく制限しているクローズド・コンファレンスclosed conference(閉鎖同盟)と、アメリカを基点とし、アメリカの独占禁止法の関係から新規参入を原則として認め、さらに運賃延戻し制や闘争船を実施できないオープン・コンファレンスopen conference(開放同盟)とがある。後者では同盟船の脱退や盟外船の割り込みが相次ぎ、賃率表が維持できない状況がおこる。

 1960年代中ごろより、先進国間の定期船はほぼ完全にコンテナ船化し、シーランド社などのコングロマリット(複合企業)が割り込んできたため競争が再開され、世界の定期船海運は大幅に再編成された。コンテナ船輸送には巨額の設備投資が必要となるため、伝統的で主要な定期船会社は船舶や施設を共同利用するスペース・チャーター方式(とくに日本)や、企業連合でそれらを共同で所有、運航、利用するコンソーシアムの結成(おもにヨーロッパ)で対抗し、その独占的地位を維持した。しかし、コンテナ船は海陸一貫輸送体制の構成部分にすぎず、海運同盟の規制力は弱まらざるをえなかった。

 第二次世界大戦後、開発途上国は「自国貨自国船主義」を掲げて自国海運を育成してきたが、1974年国連貿易開発会議(UNCTAD(アンクタッド))において、「定期船同盟憲章条約」を採択させ、途上国船の積取比率を留保した。また、台湾、中国、韓国、香港(ホンコン)、シンガポールなどの海運会社は、世界の主要な定期航路にコンテナ船を低運賃で盟外配船するようになった。

 1984年のアメリカ海運法の制定(規制緩和政策)により、1980年代は海運同盟の運賃協定の弱体化が図られ、世界最大のアメリカ航路をめぐる価格競争と参入競争が激化した。それらの結果、従来の海運同盟は統廃合されて、スーパー・コンファレンスとよばれる新しい海運同盟が結成され、また同盟船社と一部の盟外船社が協調する定期航路安定化協定が締結された。

 1990年代、海陸一貫輸送サービスのグローバル化が求められるようになったが、それは従来からの個別の船社による輸送サービスでは対応できるものではなくなり、コンテナ船社は巨大コンテナ船の運航と、複数航路のネットワーク化、そして内陸輸送の整備が求められた。それに対応できたのは、メガ・キャリアーとよばれる、世界で20社ほどのコンテナ船社であった。

 1990年代中ごろから、メガ・キャリアーは一方では輸送サービスの最適化のため、他方では利益確保のために、グローバル・アライアンスとよばれるコンソーシアムを結成した。それは、伝統的な海運同盟とは異なり、異なる地域や国の、しかも盟外船社を含む、数社のメガ・キャリアーが業務提携したものであった。それにより、特定の航路を超えた、いくつかのグローバル・アライアンスが組織されることとなった。

 アメリカは、1998年改正海運法によって、個別の船社と荷主との間で非公開の個別輸送契約を締結することを容認したものの、海運同盟など船社間協定への反トラスト法からの適用除外は維持した。EUは、2008年をもって海運同盟のEU競争法からの適用除外を廃止した。コンソーシアムについては、EU競争法から適用除外されていたが、見直し作業が行われている。

 このように、伝統的な海運同盟は解体を余儀なくされているが、世界の伝統的な大手海運会社は業務協定や業務提携をてこにして、グローバルな海上輸送サービスを提供することにおいて、その伝統的な同盟機能の維持を図っている。

[篠原陽一]

『宮本清四郎著『海運同盟制度論』(1978・海文堂出版)』

[参照項目] | 海運 | 海上運賃 | 積取比率

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Shipping exchange

>>:  Maritime Policy

Recommend

Deep - Deep

A Tendai Buddhist monk from the Tang Dynasty in C...

Han I Ching - Kan'eki

…It is not without this circumstance that the num...

Keisei Yamato Soushi

Kabuki Kyogen. Historical piece. Six acts. Written...

Off-Off Broadway

A general term for the American theater movement t...

Okehem

A composer who represents the first period of the ...

Interstitial pneumonia

...However, caution is required as these antibiot...

Apostolios - Apostolios

…Humans, animals, earth, stone, wood, and all met...

clasper

… In cartilaginous fishes, which are ovoviviparou...

The Psychology of Foules (English)

…Originally starting out as a doctor, his broad i...

EXAFS - EXAFS

...X-ray fluorescence analysis is the same analyt...

Common market - Kyodo Shijo (English spelling) Common market

A form of regional economic integration. It is a ...

The Fall of the Cuckoo Castle - The Fall of the Cuckoo Castle

A play and kabuki piece. Three acts, six scenes. T...

Kusaira - Kusaira

…It originated as a military camp (Misr) built in...

The benefits of collaboration

…Cooperation and division of labor in factories a...

Fungi - Kingdom

It is one of the three elements that make up the ...