John von Neumann

Japanese: ノイマン（英語表記）Neumann， John von
John von Neumann
Born: December 28, 1903, Budapest, Hungary
[Died] February 8, 1957, Washington DC, USA
Hungarian-born American mathematician. He showed exceptional talent for understanding and memory even as a boy. He studied mathematics at the University of Budapest, the University of Berlin, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and received his degree in mathematics from the University of Budapest in 1926. He later taught at the University of Berlin and the University of Hamburg, and was a visiting lecturer at Princeton University (1930). He became a professor the following year, and was appointed professor at the Institute of Advanced Studies at Princeton in 1933. In addition to his purely academic research in the foundations of mathematics and quantum mechanics, he also made outstanding achievements in computers (→ von Neumann computers), a field in which he became interested around 1940, and game theory. He is particularly highly regarded for his pioneering role in the latter field. His research on operator algebras (von Neumann algebras) in the field of pure mathematics is also highly regarded. He was politically rather conservative, participating in the Manhattan Project and supporting atomic bomb tests after World War II. He served as president of the American Mathematical Society and as a member of the Atomic Energy Commission. He received the Enrico Fermi Prize (1956) and other awards. His major works include "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" (1932) and "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior" (1944, co-authored with O. Morgenstern).

Neumann
Neumann, Franz Ernst

Born: September 11, 1798, Joachimstahl
Died: May 23, 1895, Königsberg German physicist, mineralogist, and mathematician. In recognition of his early research in crystallography, he was invited to the University of Königsberg as an unpaid lecturer, and was promoted to associate professor (1828) and full professor (29). In 1831, he discovered the Neumann-Kopf law, which describes the molar heat capacity of solids. In 1845, he combined Lenz's law and Ohm's law to derive Neumann's law, which states that the electromotive force induced by electromagnetic induction is proportional to the rate of decrease in the magnetic flux passing through the circuit. His achievements were of great significance in the development of the mathematical theory of electromagnetism. In education, he also established a mathematical physics seminar with mathematician KGJ Jacobi in 1834, promoting a new type of physics education.

Neumann
Neumann, Sigmund

Born: May 1, 1904 in Leipzig
[Died] October 22, 1962.
German-born American political scientist. He studied at the University of Heidelberg and other institutions, and taught at the University of Leipzig from 1926 to 1928, and at the German School of Political Science from 1928 to 1933. He was a member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs from 1933 to 1934, and a lecturer at the University of London. In 1934 he moved to the United States, where he became an assistant professor at Wesleyan University, and a professor in 1944, teaching political science and modern history. During this time he was a visiting professor at Yale, Harvard, and Columbia Universities, as well as at the Free University of Berlin and the University of Political Science. He became a naturalized American in 1940. His major works include Permanent Revolution (1942), and Modern Political Parties (56).

Neumann
Neumann, (Johann) Balthasar

Born January 30, 1687 in Eger, Bohemia
Died: July 18, 1753. Würzburg German architect. He was mainly active in Würzburg. He started out as a military engineer, but after visiting Vienna and Milan (1717-18), he was involved in the design and construction of the Würzburg Bishop's Palace (1719-1744). The staircase is a magnificent work representative of German Baroque, and his other famous works include the Chapel (33) and the Kaisersaal (37). He also designed over 70 churches, including the Vierzehnheilingen pilgrimage church in Franconia, which is the pinnacle of German Baroque and has the elegance of the Rococo style. The Neresheim monastery is also one of his masterpieces.

Neumann
Neumann, Franz Leopold

Born: 1900. Katowitz
[Died] 1954
A German-Jewish legal scholar and political scientist, he served as legal advisor to the Social Democratic Party at the end of the Weimar Republic. Pursued by the Nazis, he fled to Britain and studied political science under Laski. In 1936 he traveled to the United States and joined the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research in exile at Columbia University. He later worked for the State Department before becoming a professor at Columbia University and obtaining American citizenship. He is known for his classic work on Nazism, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism (1942).

Neumann
Neumann, Stanislav Kostka

Born: June 5, 1875 in Prague
[Died] June 28, 1947. Prague Czech socialist poet. He was interested in politics from a young age, and was imprisoned for belonging to the progressive political group "Omladina", and at one time had anarchist tendencies. His representative works include the lyric poems "Kniha lesů, vod a strání" (1914) which sings of nature, "Nové zpěvy" (18) which sings of optimistic thoughts about modern civilization and technology, and "Rude zpěvy" (23) which sings of socialist beliefs.

Neumann
Neumann, Robert

Born: May 22, 1897 in Vienna
[Died] January 3, 1975, Munich. Austrian Jewish author. Studied medicine and chemistry at the University of Vienna, and after working in various jobs, he began his literary career. After the Nazi regime came to power, he fled to England in 1934, acquired British citizenship, and wrote in English. He later settled in Locarno, Switzerland. A master of parody, he is internationally renowned for his many witty novels, including Mit fremden Federn (1927) (With the Pen of Another).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1903.12.28. ハンガリー，ブダペスト
[没]1957.2.8. アメリカ，ワシントンD.C.
ハンガリー生れのアメリカの数学者。少年時代から理解力，記憶力にぬきんでた才能を示す。ブダペスト大学，ベルリン大学，チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学で数学を学び，1926年，ブダペスト大学から数学の学位を得る。その後ベルリン大学，ハンブルク大学で教え，プリンストン大学の客員講師 (1930) 。翌年教授となり，1933年プリンストンの高級研究所教授に任命された。数学基礎論，量子力学における純粋の学術研究とともに，1940年頃を境に急速に興味をもったコンピュータ (→ノイマン型コンピュータ ) ，ゲームの理論などにすぐれた業績を残した。特に後者では先駆的役割を果して高く評価されている。また純粋数学分野の作用素環 (フォンノイマン環) の研究も非常に高く評価されている。マンハッタン計画に参加し，第2次世界大戦後原爆実験に賛成するなど，政治的にはむしろ保守的であった。アメリカ数学会の会長，原子力委員などをつとめる。エンリコ・フェルミ賞など受賞 (1956) 。主著『量子力学の数学的基礎』 (1932) ，『ゲームの理論と経済行動』 (1944，O.モルゲンシュテルンと共著) 。

ノイマン
Neumann， Franz Ernst

[生]1798.9.11. ヨアヒムシュタール
[没]1895.5.23. ケーニヒスベルク
ドイツの物理学者，鉱物学者，数学者。初期の結晶学の研究が認められ，ケーニヒスベルク大学に無給講師として迎えられ，員外教授 (1828) ，正教授 (29) となる。 1831年固体のモル比熱に関するノイマン＝コップの法則を見出した。 45年に，レンツの法則とオームの法則とを結合して，電磁誘導で誘起される起電力はその回路を貫く磁束の減少率に比例するという，ノイマンの法則を導いたことは特に有名である。彼の業績は電磁気学の数学理論の発展にとって大きな意義をもった。また教育面でも数学者 K.G.J.ヤコービとともに 34年より数理物理学ゼミナールを設け，新しいタイプの物理教育を進めた。

ノイマン
Neumann， Sigmund

[生]1904.5.1. ライプチヒ
[没]1962.10.22.
ドイツ生れのアメリカの政治学者。ハイデルベルク大学などで学び，1926～28年ライプチヒ大学，28～33年ドイツ政治大学で教壇に立った。 33～34年イギリス王立国際問題研究所員，ロンドン大学講師。 34年アメリカに渡り，ウェスリアン大学助教授，44年教授となり，政治学，近代史を担当。この間エール，ハーバード，コロンビア各大学のほか，ベルリンの自由大学，政治大学の客員教授をつとめた。 40年アメリカに帰化。主著『大衆国家と独裁』 Permanent Revolution (1942) ，『政党』 Modern Political Parties (56) 。

ノイマン
Neumann， (Johann) Balthasar

[生]1687.1.30. ボヘミア，エガー
[没]1753.7.18. ウュルツブルク
ドイツの建築家。おもにウュルツブルクで活動した。初め軍事技術者であったが，ウィーン，ミラノを訪れた (1717～18) のちに，ウュルツブルク司教館の設計建設にたずさわった (19～44) 。特にその階段室はドイツ・バロックを代表する壮麗な作品で，ほかに礼拝堂 (33) ，カイゼルザール (37) も彼の作品として著名。このほかに 70をこす聖堂の設計にもあたり，フランケンのフィアツェーンハイリンゲン巡礼聖堂は，ドイツ・バロックの頂点であり，またロココ様式の優雅さをもつ。ほかにネレスハイムの修道院も彼の代表作の1つ。

ノイマン
Neumann，Franz Leopold

[生]1900. カトビッツ
[没]1954
ユダヤ系ドイツ人の法学者，政治学者。ワイマール共和国末期，社会民主党の法律顧問をつとめた。ナチスに追われイギリスへ亡命，ラスキのもとで政治学を学ぶ。 36年アメリカに渡り，コロンビア大学に亡命中のフランクフルト社会研究所に加わる。その後国務省での職を経てコロンビア大学教授となり，アメリカ市民権を得る。ナチズム研究の古典的大作『ビヒモス』 Behemoth:The Structure and Practice of National Socialism (1942) で知られる。

ノイマン
Neumann， Stanislav Kostka

[生]1875.6.5. プラハ
[没]1947.6.28. プラハ
チェコの社会主義詩人。若い頃から政治に関心をもち，進歩的な政治集団「オムラジナ」に所属して投獄され，一時期，無政府主義的傾向をもった。自然をうたった抒情詩集『森と水と丘の書』 Kniha lesů，vod a strání (1914) ，近代文明や技術へのオプティミスチックな思想をうたった『新しい歌』 Nové zpěvy (18) ，社会主義の信念をうたった『赤い歌』 Rudé zpěvy (23) などが代表作。

ノイマン
Neumann， Robert

[生]1897.5.22. ウィーン
[没]1975.1.3. ミュンヘン
オーストリアのユダヤ系作家。ウィーン大学で医学，化学を学び，種々の職業を経て文筆活動に入る。ナチス政権成立後の 1934年イギリスに亡命しイギリス国籍を取得，英語でも著作。のちスイスのロカルノに定住。パロディーの名手で，多数の洒脱な小説で国際的にも著名。『他人の筆を借りて』 Mit fremden Federn (1927) など。

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